COMMUNICATION

 

The role of sugar cane straw on soil reaction

 

O papel da palha da cana de açúcar na reação do solo

 

 

Roberto Antunes Fioretto^I; Cristine Elizabeth Alvarenga Carneiro^II; Marcos Antonio Pavan^III; Conrado Cagliari Fioretto^IV; Leonardo Theodoro Büll^V

^IEngenheiro Agrônomo, Doutor - Centro de Ciências Agrárias/CCA, Departamento de Agronomia - Universidade Estadual de Londrina/UEL - Rod. Celso Garcia Cid - Cx. P. 6001 - 86051-990 - Londrina, PR - roberto@laborsolo.com.br
^IIQuímica, Doutora - Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - Laborsolo do Brasil - Av. Tiradentes, 3173 - Jardim Jockey Club - 86072-000 - Londrina, PR - cristine@laborsolo.com.br
^IIIEngenheiro Agrônomo, PhD - Área de Solos - Instituto Agronômico do Paraná/IAPAR - Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Cx. P.481 - 86001-901 - Londrina, PR - mpavan@iapar.br
^IVUniversidade Estadual de Londrina/UEL - Cx. P. 6001 - 86051-990
^VEngenheiro Agrônomo, PhD - Departamento de Recurso Naturais - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP - Faz. Experimental Lageado, R. José Barbosa de Barros, 1780 Lageado - 18610-307 - Cx. P. 237 -Botucatu, SP - bull@pq.cnpq.br

 

 

---

ABSTRACT

Two laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of sugar cane straw on soil acidity. Sugar cane straw residues were added on the surface of a Typic Harplortox in a polyvinyl chlorid (PVC) column at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 76 g kg^-1, the soil was incubated to field capacity with distilled water and incubated for 0, 7, 14, 45, and 90 days. Soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 cm depth. With the increase of sugar cane straw rates one verified the increase of soil pH_CaCl2, and decrease of KCl exchangeable Al in the top 15cm soil layer. The contribution of organic compounds to Al detoxification incresead with increasing sugar cane straw rates. Wheat root elongation used as acid indicator plant increased with increasing sugar cane straw rates. Maximum root growth was about 15cm long in the soil after eight days for the highest sugar cane straw rate.

Index terms: Saccarum sp., plant residue, aluminun.

---

RESUMO

Conduziram-se dois experimentos em laboratório avaliar o efeito da palha da cana- de-açúcar na acidez do solo. A palha da cana foi adicionada nas doses de 0, 20, 40, e 76 g kg^-1 na superfície de um latossolo roxo distrófico acondicionado em colunas de PVC. O solo foi incubado a capacidade de campo durante 0, 7, 14, 45, e 90 dias. Após cada incubação, o solo das colunas foram subdividido e amostrado nas seguintes frações 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, e 20-25 cm. Com o aumento da dose da palha da cana verificou-se aumento do pH_CaCl2 do solo e decréscimo do alumínio trocável até a camada de 15 cm de solo da coluna de PVC. A contribuição de compostos orgânicos para a destoxificação do Al aumentou com o acréscimo das doses da palha da cana. O crescimento da raiz das plantas trigo usadas como planta indicadora aumentou com o acréscimo das doses da palha de cana. O máximo de crescimento da raiz foi até a camada de 15 cm de solo depois de oito dias para a maior dose de palha da cana-de-açúcar.

Termos para indexação: Saccarum sp., resíduo vegetal, alumínio, pH do solo.

---

 

 

Burning sugar cane straw before harvesting is a common practice in Brazil. However, a new brazilian legislation has been introduced to reduce burning sugar cane and improve mechanical harvesting. It is estimated that sugar cane residues left after mechanical harvesting varied from 13.8 Mg ha^-1y^-1 dray matter (OLIVEIRA et al., 1999) to 45 Mg ha^-1y^-1 fresh matter (ASGHAR & KANEHIRO, 1976).

Although there are many questions about the mangement of the sugar cane straw left after mechanical harvesting, the greatest impact compared with burning will be on the soil organic matter content and its implication with soil chemical, physical, and biological properties (MENDONZA et al., 2002). It is well stablished that organic matter has great effect on acid soil chemistry (ASGHAR & KANEHIRO, 1980; HUE, 1992; MEDA et al., 2001; MIYAZAWA et al., 1993; POCKNEE & SUMNER, 1997). Many mechanisms have been suggested to explain the acid neutralizing capacity of the organic matter, such as: H⁺ ion adsorption on the surface of organic matter (HOYT & TURNER, 1975); exchangeable reaction between soil OH^- with organic anion (HUE & AMIEN, 1989); and reduction reactions envolving N-cycling (HOYT & TURNER, 1975; HUE, 1992). Recent reports have found that plant materials with high basic cation contents are more efficient in neutralizing soil acidity than those with low contents (MIYAZAWA et al., 1993; POCKNEE & SUMNER, 1997). In fact, Cassiolato et al. (2002) showed that there is a linear relationship between soil pH and plant residue basic cation content. However, it is accepted that the quality of the organic matter measured as its total basic cations is very important in the amelioration of soil acidity (MEDA et al., 2001; SUMNER & PAVAN, 2000). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sugar cane straw on soil acidity and on wheat root elongation used as test plant.

Sugar cane straw composed by stem and leaves (Saccarum sp., RB85-5536 variety) was collected in the field at Usina de Açucar & Alcool - Cooperativa Agropecuária de Rolândia (COROL), in Rolândia, state of Paraná, Brazil. Plant materials were dried at 65ºC for 48 h, ground to pass 1 mm sieve, stored in paper boxes, and then used for the following chemical analysis: plant nutrient contents (MIYAZAWA et al., 1992); basic cation excess (PIERRE & BANWART, 1973); acidity neutralizing capacity (MIYAZAWA et al., 1993); and H⁺ adsorption capacity using a titration curve (YOUNG et al., 1981). The plant extract was obtained using the procedure described by Meda et al. (2001) and analyzed.

Soil samples taken from the 0-25 cm depth of a Typic Harplortox (U.S. Soil Taxonomy) were air dried, ground and passed through a 2 mm sieve. The soil had an original pH_CaCl2 value of 4.1; exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Al contents of 1.04, 0.43, 0.46 , and 2.2 cmol_c dm^-3, respectively, and total organic carbon content of 10.8 g kg^-1. The clay, silt, and sand contents were: 787.2, 65.2, and 147.6g kg^-1, respectively. Columns (305 cm³) of rigid polyvinyl chlorid (PVC) were used. Soil samples were transferred to PVC columns and compacted to a homogeneous bulk density (mean of 1.0g cm^-3). The sugar cane straw (1 mm sieve) was added on the soil surface at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 76g kg^-1 of soil. These rates were added at the amount equivalent to neutralize KCl exchangeable Al (0.6, 1.3, and 2.5 cmol dm^-3). The soil columns were brought to field capacity with distilled water and incubated for 0 (initial), 7, 14, 45, and 90 days. At each time, deionized water was added in as amount equivalent to four porous volumes (122 mL per column) at a rate of 0.5 ml min^-1. Soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 cm depth, air dried, ground to pass a 2 mm sieve, and analyzed for pH_CaCl2 (0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂ suspension, 1:2.5 soil solution ratio, 1h shaking time); KCl exchangeable Al (1 mol L^-1 KCl, 1:10 soil: solution ratio); and CuCl₂ exchangeable Al (OLIVEIRA et al., 1997). Al-KCl was assumed to be exchangeable inorganic Al; Al-CuCl₂ total exchangeable Al (organic + inorganic); and (Al-CuCl₂) - (Al-KCl) exchangeable organic Al.

A biological test was evaluated to verify the capacity of sugar cane extract on acid soil amelioration and on root elongation using wheat (Anahuac cultivar) as indicator plant. The biological test was the same described by Franchini et al. (2001). All treatments have three replicates in a completly randomized block design.

Sugar cane straw presented the following chemical properties: organic carbon 610g kg^-1; total nitrogen 71.4 cmol kg^-1; base excess 200 cmol kg^-1 ; total basic cations (Ca+Mg+K) 81.2 cmol kg^-1 ; and hidrogen neutralizing capacity 33 cmol kg^-1. In according with Pierre & Banwart (1973) sugar cane straw is classified as high potential in alleviating soil acidity due to its high base excess content. The results also show that for each 100 cmol kg^-1 of N absorbed by sugar cane roots there is a base excess of 280 cmol kg^-1. Thus, this sugar cane straw present higher cation contents than inorganic anion contents. If the electrical neutrality principle is required, the excess of cation must be balanced with organic anions. In fact, there is a good correlation between base excess and organic anions in plant tissues (DEWIT et al., 1963).

The quality of sugar cane straw measured as its acid neutralizing capacity was an important residue in the amelioration of soil acidity after 90 days of incubation (Table 1). Increasing sugar cane straw rates increased pH_CaCl2 and organic carbon up to 15 cm soil depth and decreased KCl exchangeable acidity (H+Al) up to 25 cm soil depth. These results confirm the high acidity neutralizing capacity of sugar cane straw based as its high base excess content.

 

 

Figure 1 shows the effect of sugar cane on soil pH_CaCl2 as functions of rates, soil depth, and incubation time. Soil pH_CaCl2 increased with increasing sugar cane rates mainly in the first 7 days incubation and then decreased with increasing time. These effects were more evident in the 0-10 cm soil depth. Similar results were obtained by Miyazawa et al. (1993) and Pocknee & Sumner (1997) on brazilian and north american soils, respectively with different plant materials. There are at least two effects on soil pH: first (short time effect, 7 days) a rapid pH increase due to mineralization of basic cations in the organic material, high base excess, low N/basic cation ratio and high H⁺ adsorption on the functional groups of the organic compounds (RCOO^- + H⁺ → RCOO^- H⁺); and second (medium time effect) pH increases due to the organic matter mineralization, where lime is liberated in proportion to the basic cation content (POCKNEE & SUMNER, 1997).

 

 

Figure 2 shows the effect of sugar cane straw on KCl-Al as functions of rates, soil depth, and incubation time. At the top 0-5 cm soil layer, the highest sugar cane straw rate neutralized totally KCl-Al. Increasing sugar cane rates decreased KCl-Al, and the effect was higher in the begining of the experiment (0 to 7 days) than at the end (90 days) mainly in the top 15 cm soil layer. These results support the view that complexation of Al by organic compounds is an important reaction for decreasing Al toxicity [3 R-COO^- K⁺ + Al⁺⁺⁺ → (R-COO^-)₃ Al⁺⁺⁺+ 3K⁺]. When the pH is above 5.2, the Al-organic complexes precipitate as Al(OH)₃. Sumner & Pavan (2000) explored the more theoretical aspects of soil acidity amelioration by organic compounds.

 

 

Table 2 shows the effect of sugar cane straw rates on the contributions of organics and pH to Al neutralization in soil profile. The contributions of organics and pH were calculated as it follows:

 

 

Increasing sugar cane straw rates from 20 to 76 g kg^-1 increased the contribution of organics to Al detoxification up to 20cm soil depth. The contribution of organics to Al neutralization was about 72% in the 15 - 20 cm in soil layer. Thus, when organic strategy is adopted in sugar cane plantation, where all trashes are left on soil surface without burning, the organic compounds form complexes with Al. The contribution of pH to Al detoxification increased with decreasing sugar cane straw rates, increasing sugar cane straw rates from 0, 20, to 76 g kg^-1 increased wheat root elongation (indicator plant) from 3.39, 10.26 to 15.71 cm, respectively after 8 days. As expected, wheat root growth was due to increase soil pH and decrease KCl - Al up to 15 cm soil depth. Therefore, the organic compounds are important in the transfer of alkalinity from top to subsoil enhancing deeper root elongation.

 

 

The sugar cane straw left on soil surface after harvesting, improves the soil fertility acidity, with the increase of soil bulk explored by sugar cane root, mainly by toxic-Al neutralized.

 

REFERENCES

ASGHAR, M.; KANEHIRO, Y. Effects of sugar cane trash and pianeapple residue on soil nitrogem, pH, and redox potencial. Plant and Soil, v. 44, p. 213-223, 1976.         [ Links ]

ASGHAR, M.; KANEHIRO, Y. Effectos of sugar cane trash and pianeapple residue on soil pH, redox potential, extractable Al, Fe, and Mn. Tropical Agriculture, v. 57, p. 245-258, 1980.         [ Links ]

CASSIOLATO, M. E.; MYIAZAWA, M.; MEDA, A. R.; PAVAN, M. A. A laboratory method to estimate the efficiency of plant extract to neutralize soil acidity. Brazilian Archives Biology and. Technology, v. 45, n. 2, p. 219-222, 2002.         [ Links ]

DEWIT, C. T.; DIJKSHOORN, W.; NAGGLE, J. C. Ionic balance and growth of plants. Wageningen: Centrum voor landbouw publikaties in landbouw documentatie, 1963. 69 p.         [ Links ]

FRANCHINI, J. C.; MEDA, A. R.; CASSIOLATO, M. E.; MIYAZAWA, M.; PAVAN, M. A. Potencial de extratos de resíduos vegetais na mobilização do calcário no solo por método biológico. Science Agriculture, v. 58, p. 357-360, 2001.         [ Links ]

HOYT, P. B.; TURNER, R. C. Effects of organic materials added to a very acid soils on pH, aluminum, exchangeable NH₄, and crop yields. Soil Science, v. 119, p. 227-237, 1975.         [ Links ]

HUE, N. V. Correcting soil acidity of a higly weathered ultisol with chichen manure and sewage sludge. Communication Soil Science Plant Analytic, v. 23, p. 241-264, 1992.         [ Links ]

HUE, N. V.; AMIEN, I. Aluminum detoxification with green manures. Commun. Soil Science Plant Analytical, v. 20, p. 1499-1511, 1989.         [ Links ]

MEDA, A. R.; CASSIOLATO, M. E.; PAVAN, M. A.; MIYAZAWA, M. Alleviating soil acidity through plant organic compounds. Brazilian Archives Biology and Technology, v. 44, p. 185-189, 2001.         [ Links ]

MENDONZA, H. N. S.; LIMA, E.; ANJOS, L. H. C.; SILVA, L. A.; CEDDIA, M. B.; ANTUNES, M. V. M. Propriedades químicas e biológicas de solo de tabuleiro cultivado com cana-de-açúcar com e sem queima da palha. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Campinas, v. 24, p. 201-207, 2002.         [ Links ]

MIYAZAWA, M.; PAVAN, M. A.; BLOCH, M. F. M. Análise quimica de tecido vegetal. Londrina: IAPAR, 1992. 17 p. (Circular, 74).         [ Links ]

MIYAZAWA, M.; PAVAN, M. A.; CALEGARI, A. Efeito de material vegetal na acidez do solo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Campinas, v. 17, p. 411-416, 1993.         [ Links ]

OLIVEIRA, C. C.; PAVAN, M. A.; MIYAZAWA, M.; FRANCHINI, J. C. Determinação de aluminio orgânico do solo extraído com CuCl₂. Arquives Biology and Technology, v. 40, p. 213-223, 1997.         [ Links ]

OLIVEIRA, M. W.; TRIVELIN, P. C. O.; PENATTI, C. P.; PICCOLO, M. C. Decomposição liberação de nutrientes da palha de cana de açúcar em campo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 34, p. 2359-2362, 1999.         [ Links ]

PIERRE, W. H.; BANWART, W. L. Excess-base and excess-base/ nitrogem ratios of various crop species and plant parts. Agronomy Journal, Madison, v. 65, p. 91-96, 1973.         [ Links ]

POCKNEE, S.; SUMMER, M. E. Cation and nitrogem contents of organic matter determine its soil lime potential. Soil Science Society American Journal, v. 61, p. 86-92, 1997.         [ Links ]

SUMNER, M.; PAVAN, M. A. Alleviating soil acidity through organic matter management. In: SIMPÓSIO ROTAÇÃO SOJA/MILHO NO PLANTIO DIRETO, 2000, Piracicaba, SP. Anais... Piracicaba: Potafos, 2000. CD-ROM.         [ Links ]

YOUNG, S. D.; BACHE, B. W.; WELCH, D.; ANDERSON, H. A. Analysis of the potentiometric titration of natural and synthetic polycarboxylates. Soil Science, v. 32, p. 579-592, 1981.         [ Links ]

 

 

Received in november 8, 2007
Approved in july 10, 2008