It is the cache of ${baseHref}. It is a snapshot of the page. The current page could have changed in the meantime.
Tip: To quickly find your search term on this page, press Ctrl+F or ⌘-F (Mac) and use the find bar.

Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9[inv(9)(p12q13)]: Its association with genetic diseases Rao BV, Kerketta L, Korgaonkar S, Ghosh K - Indian J Hum Genet
Indian Journal of Human Genetics
Home Current Issue Archives Guidelines Subscriptions e-Alerts Login 
Users online: 114
Print this page  Email this page Small font sizeDefault font sizeIncrease font size


 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS
Year : 2006  |  Volume : 12  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 129-132
 

Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9[inv(9)(p12q13)]: Its association with genetic diseases


Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), K.E.M. Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai - 400012, India

Correspondence Address:
Babu V Rao
Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), 13th Floor, New Multistoryed Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai - 400012
India
Login to access the Email id


DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.29856

Get Permissions

 

   Abstract  

Background: The chromosomal polymorphism of short arms of acrocentric chromosomes and heterochromatin variation of Chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y have been reported in humans. The pericentric inversion of Chromosome 9 is commonly seen in normal humans and the frequency estimated to be 1 to 3% in general population and inherited in mendalian fashion or might occur spontaneously without any clinical significance. Aim: The aim of the study was to study the frequency of inv(9) and its clinical correlation with human genetic diseases. Materials and Methods:0 The chromosomal analysis using GTG-banding was carried out in 3,392 cases suspected with genetic diseases. Results: The pericentric inversion frequency of different chromosomes in our study was 1.24% and frequency of inv(9)(p12q13) was high (64.29%) compared to other pericentric inversions in our study. A high frequency (9.33%) of inv(9)(p12q13) was detected in children with dysmorphic features and congenital anomalies. Conclusion: As a high frequency of inv(9)(p12q13) detected in children with dysmorphic features, the inv(9) definitely have a role in the abnormal phenotype development. During inversion event there might be loss or suppression of euchromatin chromosome region and hence detailed chromosomal break point study is important to understand the clinical significance of the pericentric inversion of Chromosome 9.


Keywords: Chromosome aberrations, dysmorphic features, genetic diseases, inv(9), pericentric inversions


How to cite this article:
Rao BV, Kerketta L, Korgaonkar S, Ghosh K. Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9[inv(9)(p12q13)]: Its association with genetic diseases. Indian J Hum Genet 2006;12:129-32

How to cite this URL:
Rao BV, Kerketta L, Korgaonkar S, Ghosh K. Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9[inv(9)(p12q13)]: Its association with genetic diseases. Indian J Hum Genet [serial online] 2006 [cited 2014 Mar 6];12:129-32. Available from: http://www.ijhg.com/text.asp?2006/12/3/129/29856



   Introduction   Top


The frequency of human chromosome abnormalities (numerical, structural) reported to be 7.5% in general population.[1] Advancement in cytogenetic technology using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and recently array-based CGH provided to detect submicroscopic rearrangements in various human diseases.[2] The chromosomal polymorphism of short arms of acrocentric chromosomes and heterochromatin variations of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y also have been reported in humans.[3] The pericentric inversion of Chromosome 9 or inv(9) is commonly seen in normal humans and the frequency estimated to be 1 to 3% in general population.[4],[5],[6],[7] The inv(9)(p12q13) also been reported in various human diseases such as couples with repeated spontaneous abortions, bad obstetric history, infertility and congenital anomalies.[8],[9],[10] In our study for the first time we have correlated inv(9)(p12q13) with various human disease conditions.


   Materials and Methods   Top


During a five year period (2000-2005), cytogenetic study was carried out in 3,392 patients suspected with genetic diseases. The patients clinical details, age, sex, consanguinity, income, living environment etc. were recorded in the pro forma. The pedigree analysis was done up to at least three generations.

Peripheral blood cultures were set up in F-10 nutrient media and with 20% fetal bovine serum. The cultures were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-M) and incubated for 72h at 37 osub C. The cultures were arrested with colchicine (10 mg/ml) at 68th h and treated with 0.075 M KCl. The cultures were fixed with cornoy fixative (methanol: Acetic acid, 3:1). The chromosomes were prepared on prechilled slides and stored for three days at room temperature for ageing of the slides. The chromosome preparations were subjected to GTG-banding using standard procedure. Briefly, the slides treated with trypsin-EDTA in Sorensen's buffer for 30 seconds and stained with giemsa stain. At least 30 well-spread and banded metaphases were analyzed under microscope and karyotyped according to ISCN 2000.


   Results   Top


The cytogenetic screening of 3,392 patients suspected with genetic diseases revealed 12.23% chromosome aberrations [Table - 1]. The chromosome abnormalities were numerical (7.43%), structural (3.21%), inversions (1.24%) and deletions (0.35%). Among 42 pericentric inversions, inv(9)(p12q13) was detected in 27 (64.29%) patients [Table - 2] [Figure - 1]. The frequency of inv(9) in different human diseases is presented in [Table - 3]. A high frequency (9.33%) of inv(9) was detected in children with dysmorphic features and congenital anomalies. Parental origin of inv(9)(p12q13) was detected in maternal (18.52%), paternal (18.52%) and de novo origin was 70% [Table - 3].


   Discussion   Top


Chromosome abnormalities are responsible for at least half of spontaneous abortions or miscarriages and are an important cause of congenital malformations.[11],[12],[13] More than 0.5% of new born children are born with significant abnormalities of autosomes or sex chromosomes.[14] Among these, the most common and best known serious chromosomal disorders are trisomy 21 or the Down syndrome and the fragile X syndrome. The frequency of chromosome abnormalities in our study is similar to the frequencies reported in the literature.[1] Among the nonacrocentric human chromosomes, Chromosome 9 represents with the highest degree of morphological variations. The mechanisms of origin of inversions 9 are highly complex.[15] In our study the pericentric inversion of different chromosomes was 1.24% and the frequency of the inv(9), inv(Y) and others were 64.29%, 23.81%, 11.90% respectively [Table - 2]. However inv(9) alone associated with different clinical conditions such as children with dysmorphic features and couples with repeated spontaneous abortions [Table - 3]. The inv(9) is believed to be a frequent occurrence in the general population and inherited in a Mendelian fashion or might appear for the first time in a child without any apparent phenotypic consequences.[16] The inv(9) reported to be associated with RSA/BOH, infertility and congenital anomalies.[8],[9],[10]

In our study a high frequency of inv(9) was detected in children with dysmorphic features and developmental delay and about 70% were de novo origin [Table - 3]. The correlation of inv(9) with clinical features of children with dysmorphic features revealed that most of the children had facial dysmorphism, abnormal phenotype and delayed milestones [Table - 4]. This suggests that the unbalanced inversions at different break point regions might have a role in the abnormal phenotype development. In case of RSA/BOH majority (75%) of inv(9) were de novo origin and 25% were inherited from their parents. The cytogenetic analysis from abortus of patients with RSA was not done and such study may give some clue to understand inv(9) association in spontaneous abortions. Few studies have been carried out to study the pericentric incersion of Chromosome 9. The molecular characterization of 9qh revealed additional alphoid sequences at inverted region of the 9th Chromosome and suggested that structural organization of Chromosome 9 are apparently breakage prone and may be associated with a higher incidence of pericentric inversions.[16] Ramesh and Verma[17] have studied inv(9) break point regions using different FISH probes and showed that the break points are variable and can be localized in the alpha or in the satellite III and beta regions or both. However clinical consequences of these variable break point regions still not fully understood. In another study Starke et al[18] demonstrated 12 heteromorphic patterns of inv(9) using Chromosome 9 specific probes and suggested that pericentromeric heterochromatin of Chromosome 9 have several hotspots for recombination events. Starke et al[18] also demonstrated that constitutional inversions affecting the pericentromeric region of Chromosome 9 carry breakpoints located preferentially in 9p12 or 9q13-21.1 regions. Human centromeric and pericentromeric regions have shown to be highly plastic[19] in sharp contrast to the relative stability of the rest of the genome.[20] Recently it was also proposed that the positional change of centromeres and formation of neocentromeres i.e., ectopic centromeres (neocentromeres) at non-alphoid containing chromosomal sites.[21],[22],[23],[24] Transposition of centromeric sequences into a distinct centromere has been documented in a prenatal diagnosis case.[25] As the inv(9) inherited from parents there is a need to study whether this positional change of centromere in the chromosome is due to pericentric inversion or existence of neocentromere through generations or evolution.

As high frequency of inv(9) was detected in various disease conditions in our study, these inversion definitely have role in the disease development especially in cases with de novo inversions. During breakage reunion process there may be chance of suppression or deletion of euchromatic sequences which might be causing abnormal development. Hence there is a need to study each breakpoint region of inv(9) using molecular cytogenetic probes and molecular biology methods to understand the disease association. The parental chromosomal analysis is essential for appropriate genetic counseling.


   Acknowledgsments   Top


The authors thank Mr. V. M. Zodge and Mr. Anup Jadhav for their technical help.

 
   References   Top

1. Conner JM, Ferguson-Smith MA. Essential medical genetics. 3rd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications: London.  Back to cited text no. 1    
2. Popescu NC, Zimonjic DB. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of cancer cell alterations. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1997;93:10-21.  Back to cited text no. 2  [PUBMED]  
3. Podugolnikova OA, Korostelev AP. The quantitative analysis of polymorphism on human chromosomes 1,9,16, and Y. IV. Heterogeneity of a normal population. Hum Genet 1980;54:163-9.  Back to cited text no. 3    
4. Nielsen J, Sillesen I. Incidence of chromosome aberrations among 11,148 newborn children. Humangenetik 1975;30:1-12.  Back to cited text no. 4  [PUBMED]  
5. Ko TM, Hsieh FJ, Chang LS, Pan MF, Lee TY. Pericentric inversions of chromosome 9 in Taiwanese fetuses. J Forms Med Assoc 1992;91:473-4.  Back to cited text no. 5    
6. Teo SH, Tarn M, Knight L, Ng I. Pericentric inversion 9-incidence and clinical significance. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995;24:302-4.  Back to cited text no. 6    
7. Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, Plumb RW, Loveland JE, Howe KL, et al . DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. Nature 2004;429:369-74.  Back to cited text no. 7    
8. Thomas IM. Cytogenetic basis of recurrent abortions. Perinatology 1999;1:181-7.   Back to cited text no. 8    
9. Davolos IP, Rivas F, Ramos AL, Galaviz C, Sandoval L, Rivera H. Inv(9)(p24q13) in three sterile brothers. Ann Genet 2000;43:51-4.  Back to cited text no. 9    
10. Nagvenkar P, Desai K, Hinduja I, Zaveri K. Chromosomal studies in infertile men with oligozoospermia and non-abstructive azoospermia. Indian J Med Res 2005;122:34-42.  Back to cited text no. 10  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
11. Rimoni DL, Connor JM, Pyeritz RE, Korf BR. Principles and Medical Genetics. Vol 1, 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh; 2002.  Back to cited text no. 11    
12. Hook EB. Prevalence risks and recurrence. In : Brock DJ, Rodeck CH, Ferguson - Smith, editors. Prenatal diagnosis and screening. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh; 1992. p. 351.  Back to cited text no. 12    
13. Tolmie JL. Chromosome disorders. In : Whittle MJ, Conner JM, editors. Prenatal diagnosis in obstetric practice. Blackwell Scientific: Oxford; 1995. p. 34.  Back to cited text no. 13    
14. Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger JQ. Malformations in newborn: Results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2002;266:163-7.  Back to cited text no. 14    
15. Verma RS. A reply: Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9qh are real but the mechanisms of their origin are highly complex. 1999;105:183-4.   Back to cited text no. 15    
16. Luke S, Verma RS, Conte RA, Mathews T. Molecular characterization of the secondary constriction region (qh) of human chromosome 9 with pericentric inversion. J Cell Sci 1992;103:919-23.  Back to cited text no. 16  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
17. Ramesh KH, Verma RS. Breakpoints in alpha, beta and satellite III DNA sequences of chromosome 9 results in a variety of pericentric inversions. J Med Genet 1996;33:395-8.  Back to cited text no. 17  [PUBMED]  
18. Starke H, Seidel J, Henn W, Reichardt S, Volleth M, Stumm M, et al . Homologous sequences at human chromosome 9 bands p12 and q13-21.1 are involved in different patterns of pericentric rearrangements. Eur J Hum Genet 2002;10:790-800.  Back to cited text no. 18    
19. Eichler EE. Repetitive conundrums of centromere structure and function. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8:151-5.  Back to cited text no. 19  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
20. Kaessmann H, Heissig F, van Haeeler A, Paabo S. DNA sequence variation in a non-coding region of low recombination on the human X chromosome. Nat Genet 1999;22:78-81.  Back to cited text no. 20    
21. Wong LH, Choo KH. Centromere on the move. Genome Res 2001;11:513-6.  Back to cited text no. 21  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
22. Ventura M, Archidiacono N, Rocchi M. Centromere emergence in evolution. Genome Res 2001;11:595-9.  Back to cited text no. 22  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
23. Warburton PE, Dolled M, Mahmood R, Alonso A, Li S, Naritomi K, et al . Molecular cytogenetic analysis of eight inversion duplications of human chromosome 13q that each contain a neocentromere. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66:1794-806.   Back to cited text no. 23    
24. du Sart D, Cancilla MR, Earle E, Mao E, Mao I, Saffery R, et al . A functional neo-centromere formed through activation of latent human centromere and consisting of non-alpha satellite DNA. Nat Genet 1997;16:144-53.  Back to cited text no. 24    
25. Levy B, Papenhausen P, Tepperberg J, Dunn T, Fallet S, Magid M, et al . Prenatal molecular cytogenetic diagnosis of partial tetrasomy 10p due to neocentromere formation in an inversion duplication analphoid marker chromosome. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000;91:165-70.   Back to cited text no. 25    


    Figures

[Figure - 1]

    Tables

[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4]


This article has been cited by
1 Genetic counselling in reproductive disorders
Georgeta Camelia Cozaru,Lacramioara Ionela Butnariu,Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 33: 213
[Pubmed]
2 Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 in a consanguineous couple with molar pregnancies and spontaneous abortions
Abdalla, E.M. and El-Kharadly, R.N.
Laboratory Medicine. 2012; 43(5): 212-216
[Pubmed]
3 Homozygosity and heterozygosity of the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 and its clinical impact
Kumar, M. and Thatai, A. and Chapadgaonkar, S.S.
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2012; 6(5): 816-820
[Pubmed]
4 February 2010 case report: This is a case of cornelia de lange syndrome
Abdalla, E.M.
Laboratory Medicine. 2012; 43(1): 29
[Pubmed]
5 Heterochromatic variations and pregnancy losses in humans
Purandare, H., Fernandes, N.V., Deshmukh, S.V., Chavan, S.
International Journal of Human Genetics. 2011; 11(3): 167-175
[Pubmed]
6 Cytogenetic analysis of mentally retarded patients in Srikakulam
Mythili, K., Jaya Kumari, V.
International Journal of Human Genetics. 2011; 11(3): 183-192
[Pubmed]
7 Clinical importance of pericentric inversion of chromosome 9: A case report of miscarriage and neonatal death
Nouri, N., Nouri, N., Sedghi, M.
Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2011; 28(125)
[Pubmed]
8 The Reliability of Maternal Serum Triple Test in Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities of Pregnant Turkish Women
Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers. 2011; 15(10): 701
[VIEW]
9 <i>De Novo</i> Pericentric Inversion of Chromosome 9 in Congenital Anomaly
Seon-Yong Jeong, Bo-Young Kim, Jae Eun Yu
Yonsei Medical Journal. 2010; 51(5): 775
[VIEW]
10 De novo pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 in congenital anomaly
Jeong, S.-Y. and Kim, B.-Y. and Yu, J.E.
Yonsei Medical Journal. 2010; 51(5): 775-780
[Pubmed]
11 Cytogenetic analysis in infertile males with sperm anomalies
Etem, E.Ö., Yüce, H., Erol, D., Deveci, Ş.D., Ceylan, G.G., Elyas, H.
Marmara Medical Journal. 2009; 22(3): 217-224
[Pubmed]
12 Optic nerve hypoplasia associated with chromosome 9 inversion
Cheung, R.T.F., Wong, A.M.F.
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009; 44(5): 610-611
[Pubmed]



 

Top
Print this article  Email this article
          Previous article         Next article

    

 
   Search
 
   Next article
   Previous article 
   Table of Contents
  
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Article in PDF (108 KB)
    Citation Manager
    Access Statistics
    Reader Comments
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  


    Abstract
    Introduction
    Materials and Me...
    Results
    Discussion
    Acknowledgsments
    References
    Article Figures
    Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed 17677    
    Printed 262    
    Emailed 5    
    PDF Downloaded 660    
    Comments  [Add]    
    Cited by others  12    

Recommend this journal