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Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine Free Full Text
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Original Experimental Research
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine: Volume 4   September, 2006   Number 5

DOI: 10.3736/jcim20060518
Protective effect of hyperin on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats
1. Hong-Yan CHEN (Institute of Geratology, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China )
2. Jian-Hua WANG (Institute of Geratology, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China )
3. Zheng-Xue REN (Department of Pharmaceutics, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China )
4. Xin-Bo YANG (Institute of Geratology, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China E-mail: yang_xinbo@yahoo.com)

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of hyperin (Hyp) on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.

Methods: Sixty Wistar male rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, untreated group, and high-, medium- and low-dose Hyp-treated groups(50, 25 and 12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) and ginkgo leaf-treated group. The animals were intragastrically administered with drugs for 5 days. Thirty minutes after the end administration, the operation was performed to induce the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats with the method of intraluminal thread. The middle cerebral artery blood flow was blocked for 2 hours, and then reperfused. Twenty-four hours later, the rats' neurology score was observed. Brain triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and dried wet method were carried out to measure the infarct size and the water content of rat brain tissue respectively.

Results: The above-mentioned indexes in the untreated group showed significant differences compared with those in the sham-operated group (P<0.01).The infarct sizes of rat brain tissue in the high- and medium-dose Hyp-treated groups were obviously decreased compared with that in the untreated group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The water content of rat brain and the neurology score were also obviously reduced compared with those in the untreated group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).

Conclusions: Hyp could obviously reduce the brain infarct size and cerebral edema degree in focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury rats. Hyp has significant protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.

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Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao/J Chin Integr Med, 2006, 4(5): 526-529     www.jcimjournal.com

Correspondence to: Prof. Xin-Bo YANG. E-Mail: yang_xinbo@yahoo.com

基金项目: 国家中医药新药基金资助项目(No. DIX005A)

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       金丝桃苷(hyperin,Hyp)属黄酮醇苷化合物,结构为槲皮素-3-半乳糖苷,广泛存在于藤黄科、豆科、杜鹃花科等多种植物中,是贯叶连翘、红旱连、黄蜀葵等植物药中具有较强生物活性的成分,近年来研究者发现其对缺血性脑损伤、心肌损伤、肝损伤及肾损伤均有显著保护作用1 。我们利用线栓法复制大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)模型来观察金丝桃苷对大鼠神经功能、脑梗死面积及脑水肿等方面的影响。

 
   

1  材料与方法
1.1  实验材料
1.1.1  实验动物 
Wistar雄性大鼠,4~5月龄,体质量280~320 g,由中国医学科学院实验动物研究所提供(许可证号: S04K京2004-0001)。
1.1.2  实验试剂  金丝桃苷,黄色粉末,含量92%,由中国人民解放军302医院药学部提供(用前蒸馏水溶解超声振荡混溶);银杏叶胶囊:0.2 g/粒,每粒含总黄酮醇苷9.6 mg,萜内酯2.4 mg,批号0552035,由上海信谊百路达药业有限公司提供;氯化三苯四氮唑(triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC):10 g/瓶,批号040414,由北京化学试剂公司提供。
1.1.3  实验仪器  HZS-H型水浴振荡器,哈尔滨市东联电子技术开发有限公司生产;JA1003型电子天平,上海天平仪器厂生产;202-V1型电热恒温干燥箱,上海市实验仪器总厂生产;KQ-250型超声清洗器,昆山市淀山湖检测仪器厂生产。
1.2  实验方法
1.2.1  实验分组 
60只大鼠随机分为6组,每组10只:(1)假手术组;(2)模型组;(3)金丝桃苷高剂量组(50 mg·kg-1·d-1);(4)金丝桃苷中剂量组(25 mg·kg-1·d-1);(5)金丝桃苷低剂量组(12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1);(6)银杏叶胶囊对照组(200 mg·kg-1·d-1)。
1.2.2  给药方法大鼠自由饮食饮水,给药组连续灌胃5 d,于末次给药30 min后行脑缺血手术,缺血2 h再灌注24 h;假手术组和模型组给予同体积生理盐水。
1.2.3  大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型  制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型参考改良Nagasawa法2 ,手术前大鼠自由饮水和进食。腹腔内注射7%水合氯醛(350 mg/kg)麻醉动物。颈部正中切口,逐层分离,分离右侧颈总动脉(common carotid artery, CCA)、颈外动脉(external carotid artery, ECA)和颈内动脉(internal carotid artery, ICA)。分离、结扎并切断甲状腺上动脉、枕动脉;结扎并剪断ECA;分离颈动脉分叉部;夹闭CCA、ICA,将直径0.285 mm的栓线自ECA插入,将线导入ICA,松开ICA夹,继续将尼龙线插入至其颅内段,当感到明显阻力时,即达到较细大脑前动脉,阻断大脑中动脉的所有血液供应,此时插入的尼龙线长约20 mm(自CCA分叉处算起),2 h后再灌时将线抽出,结扎ECA残端,松开CCA即可,缝合皮肤。假手术组大鼠只暴露和分离出CCA、ECA和ICA,不闭塞大脑中动脉。术中严格控制室温在25~27 ℃。
1.2.4  神经病学评分  评分标准: (1)提鼠尾离地面约30 cm,观察前肢情况。正常大鼠两前肢对称地伸向地面。有左肩内旋,左前肢内收者,评为2~3分,否则为0分;(2)将动物置平滑地板上,分别推左肩向对侧移动时,检查抵抗推动的阻力,正常大鼠双侧阻力明显对称,右肩向左侧移动时,发现阻力下降者,根据下降程度不同评为1~3分;(3)将动物两前肢置一金属网上,观察两前肢的肌张力,正常大鼠两前肢的肌张力对称,发生左前肢肌张力下降者,根据下降的轻重,评为0~3分。(4)大鼠自主活动下降程度,评为0~3分。大鼠脑缺血24 h,根据神经病学评分,4项累积分数越高,说明其行为障碍越严重3
1.2.5  TTC染色测量脑组织梗死面积  MCAO 24 h后,断头取脑,去除嗅球、小脑和低位脑干后,将脑置冰箱冰冻层15 min,沿冠状面切成5 mm厚,浸入含1.5 ml 4%的TTC 、3.4 ml蒸馏水和0.1 ml 1 mol/L K2HPO4的溶液中(避光),37 ℃水浴20 min。每隔7~8 min翻动1次,经染色后,正常脑组织呈玫瑰红色,而梗死组织呈白色,且界限分明。将脑片两面分别拍照;仔细挖取并称重未被染成红色的白色梗死组织,并称重剩余脑组织(即正常脑组织),两者全重即为脑组织湿重。将脑组织放在锡箔纸上置200 ℃电热恒温干燥箱中,温度在150~180℃,烤3 d,称干重。
1.2.6  干湿法测脑组织含水量、计算脑组织梗死范围  脑组织梗死范围按以下公式计算:梗死脑组织重量(%)=梗死脑组织重量/全脑重量×100(均为湿重);脑组织含水量按以下公式计算:脑组织含水量(%)=(全脑湿重-全脑干重)/全脑湿重×100。
1.3  统计学方法  计量资料以`x±表示,应用SPSS 10.0统计软件包进行数据分析,应用方差分析进行统计学分析。

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2   结  果
2.1  脑缺血再灌注模型的建立与神经功能检查 
大鼠脑缺血2 h,再灌注24 h后均出现不同程度的局灶性神经功能障碍,表现为左下肢无力、伸直行走时向左侧转圈,严重时向左侧倾倒甚至不能行走,乃至出现意识障碍;提尾时表现为左侧前肢屈曲、内收,后肢伸直并向左侧旋转。
2.2  脑组织外观变化  假手术组脑组织颜色、形态正常,无苍白和肿胀。模型组脑缺血2 h再灌注24 h脑组织可见苍白肿胀,右侧脑大于左侧脑。
2.3  TTC染色测量梗死范围  经染色后正常脑组织呈玫瑰红色,而梗死组织呈白色,且界限分明。模型组、Hyp低剂量组脑梗死组织白色区域较大,Hyp高、中剂量组和银杏叶胶囊对照组脑梗死组织白色区域较模型组小。见图1。

图1  各组大鼠脑梗死组织的TTC染色
Figure 1  TTC staining of cerebral infarcts of rats in 6 groups

A: Sham-operated group; B: Untreated group; C: High-dose Hyp-treated group; D: Medium-dose Hyp-treated group; E: Low-dose Hyp-treated group; F: Ginkgo leaf-treated group.

2.4  药物对大鼠脑缺血2 h再灌24 h脑梗死范围、脑含水量及神经症状的影响  模型组脑缺血2 h再灌24 h脑梗死范围、脑含水量及神经病学评分与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);金丝桃苷高、中剂量组与模型组比较脑缺血2 h再灌注24 h脑梗死范围、脑含水量及神经病学评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);金丝桃苷低剂量组脑梗死范围、脑含水量与模型组比较差异无统计学意义,而金丝桃苷低剂量组神经病学评分与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);银杏叶胶囊对照组脑梗死范围、神经病学评分与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),银杏叶胶囊对照组脑含水量与模型组比较差异无统计学意义。提示金丝桃苷25 mg/kg或50 mg/kg能够明显减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠的脑水肿程度,减少脑组织的梗死范围。见表1。

     
表1   各组大鼠脑梗死范围、脑含水量及神经病学评分
Table 1   Cerebral infarct size, brain water content and neurological deficit score of rats in 6 groups

                                                                                                                             (`x±

Group

n

Cerebral infarct size (%)

Brain water content (%)

Neurological deficit score

Sham-operated

8

 0

81.6±1.4

 0

Untreated

9

22.5±4.9**

84.3±1.4**

11.1±1.4**

High-dose Hyp-treated

8

10.4±4.5△△

82.9±0.8

7.1±1.6△△

Medium- dose Hyp-treated

9

14.4±9.4

83.0±1.0

7.2±1.8△△

Low-dosed Hyp-treated

8

15.9±8.7

83.8±1.1

8.6±0.1△△

Ginkgo leaf-treated

6

10.5±5.2△△

83.5±0.3

7.3±1.6△△

**P<0.01, vs sham-operated group;P<0.05, △△P<0.01, vs untreated group.

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3   讨  论
      本实验通过阻断大鼠一侧大脑中动脉来评价Hyp的作用,并与银杏叶胶囊进行了比较。结果表明,大脑中动脉闭塞可造成大鼠脑运动区、感觉区皮层和基底神经节等部位的缺血、功能丧失,出现相应的神经病学症状和病理组织学改变。银杏叶胶囊(200 mg/kg)、Hyp(25 mg/kg和50 mg/kg)可明显减轻局灶性脑缺血模型大鼠神经病学症状,缩小缺血面积;Hyp还可以显著降低实验大鼠的脑含水量,减轻脑水肿;Hyp与银杏叶胶囊比较,差异无统计学意义,提示Hyp对局灶性脑缺血性脑损伤具有较明显的保护作用。有文献报道Hyp可减少大鼠脑缺血组织的梗死面积4 ,但对大鼠脑缺血后脑含水量的变化尚未见报道,本实验进一步观察了大鼠脑缺血后银杏叶胶囊、Hyp对脑含水量的影响,显示出Hyp能减轻大鼠脑水肿,而未观察到银杏叶胶囊对脑水肿的影响。近年来的研究表明在脑缺血损伤过程中有大量的自由基和一氧化氮产生,并造成神经细胞的损伤。Hyp系黄酮类化合物,有多种生物学活性,毒性较低,其腹腔注射LD50为967.3 mg/kg。章家胜等5研究发现Hyp对钙内流有较强的选择性阻滞作用,能抑制脂质过氧化,对心肌缺血再灌损伤也有保护作用。Hyp 25 mg/kg可显著减少自由基膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛和一氧化氮的含量,说明Hyp抗脑缺血损伤可能与其抗自由基和抑制一氧化氮生成有关。综上所述,Hyp在25 mg/kg或50 mg/kg剂量对脑缺血再灌损伤有显著保护作用。为下一步对Hyp的研发提供了较好的实验依据。金丝桃苷的毒副作用尚未见报道,有待于我们进一步研究。

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References
1. 辛勤, 陈思维. 金丝桃苷对组织器官缺血性损伤保护作用的研究进展[J]. 中药材, 2003, 26(3) : 213-215.
  
2. Nagasawa H, Kogure K. Correlation between cerebral blood flow and histologic changes in a new rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion[J]. Stroke, 1989, 20(8) : 1037-1043.
  
3. 徐叔云, 卞如濂, 陈修. 药理实验方法学[M]. 第1版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2002. 1066-1067.
4. 樊淑彦, 曹晓芳, 王伟, 等. 影响脑循环的中药药理研究[J]. 脑与神经疾病杂志, 2005, 13(4) : 318-319, 317.
  
5. 章家胜, 陈志武, 马传庚, 等. 金丝桃甙对大鼠缺血性脑损伤中氧自由基和一氧化氮的作用[J]. 中国中药杂志, 1999, 24(7) : 431-433.
  
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