JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE & MEDICINE |
Research article |
FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION AFTER PRESEASON TRAINING PROGRAM IN PROFESSIONAL AND RECREATIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS: A PROTEOMIC APPROACH | |||||||||
Francisco J. Martín-Sánchez2, José María Villalón3, José J. Zamorano-León1, Luis Fernández Rosas3, Ricardo Proietti1, Petra J. Mateos-Caceres1, Juan J. González-Armengol2, Pedro Villarroel2, Carlos Macaya1 and Antonio J. López-Farré1 | |||||||||
1Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiology Department and 2Emergency Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 3Medical Department of Atlético de Madrid Football Club, Madrid, Spain | |||||||||
| |||||||||
© Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2011) 10, 45 - 51 | |||||||||
|
ABSTRACT | |||||||||||||
The purpose of the study was to determine if an intensive pre- season training program modifies the inflammatory status in professional soccer players and if this inflammatory profile may be associated with the physical state. We compared plasma protein biomarkers, using proteomics, and the physiological state and cardiac function in 12 professional soccer players and 9 recreational soccer players. Reduced cardiac low frequency [LF] after the pre- season training program previous competition with respect to recreational soccer players was found. No differences were found in cardiac high frequency, cardiac high frequency/low frequency ratio, tension index and oxygen volume consumption. Alpha-1-antitrypsin isotype-3, fibrinogen-gamma isotypes-1, 2 and 3 and vitamin-D-binding protein isotype-1 were reduced in professionals players compared with those in recreational players. However, an increased content of alpha-1-antitrypsin isotype-6 and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin 1 and 4 were found in professional soccer players. Spearman´s analysis showed a positive correlation between LF and fibrinogen-gamma chain isotype 3; but LF was negatively correlated with alpha-antichymotrypsin isotype 4. Professional soccer players submitted to an intensive training showed differences in the content of plasma proteins associated with inflammatory/oxidative stress and thrombosis with respect to recreational soccer players. Proteomics analysis in combination with the analysis of cardiac function assessment may be useful to know more in depth molecular processes associated with sport and intensive exercise. Key words: Inflammation, proteomics, soccer, physical performance. |
|
INTRODUCTION | |||||||||||||
Regular practice of moderate aerobic exercise is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular-related disease (Shephard and Balady, 1999). Professional soccer players spend a variable time period previous to the season to improve their physical capacity. Intensive training intervention to improve cardiac output, and thereby aerobic endurance, has been proved positive in soccer performance in terms of distance covered, contacts with the ball and number of sprints during the match (Hoff, 2005). Indeed, the sportsmen subject to the highest levels of physical stress are the soccer players (Robson-Ansley et al., 2009). Several studies have reported that intensive exercise impairs the immune system, induces the synthesis of reactive oxygen species and increases the plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin-1 and -6 (IL-1, IL-6) and inflammatory-related acute phase reactants (Boluyt et al., 2006; Guelfi et al., 2006; Moldoveanu et al., 2000; Petersen and Pedersen, 2005). This acute-inflammatory reaction may favour an increasing number of muscle injuries, muscular overload and fatigue sensation that it could reduce the optimal physical performance of soccer players (Robson-Ansley et al., 2009; Lequesne et al., 1997). Although an extensive research has been developed to analyze the effect of acute exercise on inflammation and also if regular exercise may modify the inflammatory response associated with disease, less is known about the effect of regular training in healthy sportsman on the systemic expression of inflammatory-related biomarkers (Kim et al., 2009; Markovitch et al., 2008, Woods et al., 2009). |
|
METHODS | |||||||||||||
Study population Physiological parameters Proteomic analysis Image acquisition analysis Mass spectrometry (MS) Statistical analysis |
|
RESULTS | |||||||||||||
Physical functional state |
|
DISCUSSION | |||||||||||||
The present study compared the plasma content of inflammatory-associated proteins, using proteomics, and the physiological state, using the Omegawave system, in professional soccer players after an intensive training program and before starting the league. A group of players who practice soccer at weekends were used as comparative group. The recreational soccer players have not been submitted to a specific training program previous the competition. |
|
AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY | |
Francisco J. MARTÍN-SÁNCHEZ Employment: Emergency Department from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Spain. Degree: MD and PhD Research interest: The systemic inflammatory response and functional status of recreational soccer players. E-mail: fjjms@hotmail.com | |
José María VILLALÓN Employment: Head of Medical Department of Atlético de Madrid Football Club. Degree: MD Research interest: Sport medicine. E-mail: josemaria_villalon@yahoo.es | |
José J. ZAMORANO-LEÓN Employment: Cardiovascular Research Unit from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Research interest: Biologist with experience in molecular biology and proteomic technique. E-mail: josejavier.zamorano.hcsc@salud.madrid.org | |
Luis Fernández ROSAS Employment: Head of Physiotherapy in the Medicine Faculty of Degree: MD Research interest: Sports medicine. E-mail: luferro@ceu.es | |
Ricardo PROIETTI Employment: Sports Science Consultant Degree: Degree in physical activity and sports Research interest: Designing Email: r.proietti@omegawave.com | |
Pe Employment: Cardiovascular Research Unit from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Degree: PhD Research interest: The cardiovascular pathology, using proteomic technique. Email: pjimenezm.hcsc@salud.madrid.org | |
Juan J. GONZÁLEZ-ARMENGOL Employment: Coordinator of Telemedicine from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Degree: MD and PhD Research interest: The systemic inflammatory response and functional status of recreational soccer players. E-mail: jjgarmengol@hotmail.com | |
Pedro VILLARROEL Employment: Head of Emergency Department from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Degree: MD Research interest: The systemic inflammatory response and functional status of recreational soccer players. E-mail: pvillarroel.hcsc@salud.madrid.org | |
Carlos MACAYA Employment: Head of Cardiology Department from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Degree: MD and PhD Research interest: Cardiovascular diseases. E-mail: cmacaya.hcsc@salud.madrid.org | |
Antonio J. LÓPEZ-FARRÉ Employment: Head of Cardiovascular Research Unit from Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, Degree: PhD Research interest: Cardiovascular diseases. E-mail: lcarinv.hcsc@salud.madrid.org | |