Abstract
In this paper, an implicit iterative algorithm with errors is considered for two families of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Strong and weak convergence theorems of common fixed points are established based on the implicit iterative algorithm.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) 47H09 · 47H10 · 47J25
Keywords:
Asymptotically nonexpansive mapping; common fixed point; implicit iterative algorithm; generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping1 Introduction
In nonlinear analysis theory, due to applications to complex real-world problems, a growing number of mathematical models are built up by introducing constraints which can be expressed as subproblems of a more general problem. These constraints can be given by fixed-point problems, see, for example, [1-3]. Study of fixed points of nonlinear mappings and its approximation algorithms constitutes a topic of intensive research efforts. Many well-known problems arising in various branches of science can be studied by using algorithms which are iterative in their nature. The well-known convex feasibility problem which captures applications in various disciplines such as image restoration, computer tomography, and radiation therapy treatment planning is to find a point in the intersection of common fixed point sets of a family of nonexpansive mappings, see, for example, [3-5].
For iterative algorithms, the most oldest and simple one is Picard iterative algorithm. It is known that T enjoys a unique fixed point, and the sequence generated in Picard iterative algorithm can converge to the unique fixed point. However, for more general nonexpansive mappings, Picard iterative algorithm fails to convergence to fixed points of nonexpansive even that it enjoys a fixed point.
Recently, Mann-type iterative algorithm and Ishikawa-type iterative algorithm (implicit and explicit) have been considered for the approximation of common fixed points of nonlinear mappings by many authors, see, for example, [6-24]. A classical convergence theorem of nonexpansive mappings has been established by Xu and Ori [23]. In 2006, Chang et al. [6] considered an implicit iterative algorithm with errors for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space. Strong and weak convergence theorems are established. Recently, Cianciaruso et al. [9] considered an Ishikawa-type iterative algorithm for the class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Strong and weak convergence theorems are also established. In this paper, based on the class of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings, an Ishikawa-type implicit iterative algorithm with errors for two families of mappings is considered. Strong and weak convergence theorems of common fixed points are established. The results presented in this paper mainly improve the corresponding results announced in Chang et al. [6], Chidume and Shahzad [7], Cianciaruso et al. [9], Guo and Cho [10], Khan et al. [12], Plubtieng et al. [14], Qin et al. [15], Shzhzad and Zegeye [18], Thakur [21], Thianwan and Suantai [22], Xu and Ori [23], Zhou and Chang [24].
2 Preliminaries
Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Banach space E. Let T : C → C be a mapping. Throughout this paper, we use F(T) to denote the fixed point set of T.
Recall the following definitions.
T is said to be nonexpansive if
T is said to be asymptotically nonexpansive if there exists a positive sequence {hn} ⊂ [1, ∞) with hn → 1 as n → ∞ such that
It is easy to see that every nonexpansive mapping is asymptotically nonexpansive with the asymptotical sequence {1}. The class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings was introduced by Goebel and Kirk [25] in 1972. It is known that if C is a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space E, then every asymptotically nonexpansive mapping on C has a fixed point. Further, the set F(T) of fixed points of T is closed and convex. Since 1972, a host of authors have studied weak and strong convergence problems of implicit iterative processes for such a class of mappings.
T is said to be asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense if it is continuous and the following inequality holds:
Putting ξn = max{0, supx,y∈C(||Tnx - Tny|| - ||x - y||)}, we see that ξn → 0 as n → ∞. Then, (2.1) is reduced to the following:
The class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in the intermediate sense was introduced by Bruck et al. [26] (see also Kirk [27]) as a generalization of the class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. It is known that if C is a nonempty closed convex and bounded subset of a real Hilbert space, then every asymptotically nonexpansive self mapping in the intermediate sense has a fixed point; see [28] more details.
T is said to be generalized asymptotically nonexpansive if it is continuous and there exists a positive sequence {hn} ⊂ [1, ∞) with hn → 1 as n → ∞ such that
Putting ξn = max{0, supx,y∈C(||Tnx - Tny|| - hn||x - y||)}, we see that ξn → 0 as n → ∞. Then, (2.2) is reduced to the following:
We remark that if hn ≡ 1, then the class of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings is reduced to the class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in the intermediate.
In 2006, Chang et al. [6] considered the following implicit iterative algorithms for a finite family of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings {T1, T2,..., TN} with {αn} a real sequence in (0, 1), {un} a bounded sequence in C and an initial point x0 ∈ C:
The above table can be rewritten in the following compact form:
where for each n ≥ 1 fixed, j(n) - 1 denotes the quotient of the division of n by N and i(n) the rest, i.e., n = (j(n) - 1)N + i(n).
Based on the implicit iterative algorithm, they obtained, under the assumption that C + C ⊂ C, weak and strong convergence theorems of common fixed points for a finite family of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings {T1, T2,..., TN}; see [6] for more details.
Recently, Cianciaruso et al. [9] considered a Ishikawa-like iterative algorithm for the class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space. To be more precise, they introduced and studied the following implicit iterative algorithm with errors.
where {αn}, {βn}, {γn}, and {δn} are real number sequences in [0,1], {un} and {vn} are bounded sequence in C. Weak and strong convergence theorems are established in a uniformly convex Banach space; see [29] for more details.
In this paper, motivated and inspired by the results announced in Chang et al. [6], Chidume and Shahzad [7], Cianciaruso et al. [9], Guo and Cho [10], Plubtieng et al. [14], Qin et al. [15], Shzhzad and Zegeye [18], Thakur [21], Thianwan and Suantai [22], Xu and Ori [23], Zhou and Chang [24], we consider the following Ishikawa-like implicit iteration algorithm with errors for two finite families of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings {T1, T2,..., TN} and {S1, S2,..., SN}.
where {αn}, {βn}, {γn}, , , and are sequences in [0,1] such that for each n ≥ 1. We have rewritten the above table in the following compact form:
where for each n ≥ 1 fixed, j(n) - 1 denotes the quotient of the division of n by N and i(n) the rest, i.e., n = (j(n) - 1)N + i(n).
Putting , we have the following composite iterative algorithm:
We remark that the implicit iterative algorithm (2.4) is general which includes (2.3) as a special case.
Now, we show that (2.4) can be employed to approximate fixed points of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings which is assumed to be Lipschitz continuous. Let Ti be a -Lipschitz generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence such that as n → ∞ and Si be a -Lipschitz generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with sequences such that as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Define a mapping Wn : C → C by
It follows that
where
If for all n ≥ 1, then Wn is a contraction. By Banach contraction mapping principal, we see that there exists a unique fixed point xn ∈ C such that
That is, the implicit iterative algorithm (2.4) is well defined.
The purpose of this paper is to establish strong and weak convergence theorem of fixed points of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings based on (2.4).
Next, we recall some well-known concepts.
Let E be a real Banach space and UE = {x ∈ E : ||x|| = 1}. E is said to be uniformly convex if for any ε ∈ (0, 2] there exists δ > 0 such that for any x, y ∈ UE,
It is known that a uniformly convex Banach space is reflexive and strictly convex.
Recall that E is said to satisfy Opial's condition [30] if for each sequence {xn} in E, the condition that the sequence xn → x weakly implies that
for all y ∈ E and y ≠ x. It is well known [30] that each lp (1 ≤ p < ∞) and Hilbert spaces satisfy Opial's condition. It is also known [29] that any separable Banach space can be equivalently renormed to that it satisfies Opial's condition.
Recall that a mapping T : C → C is said to be demiclosed at the origin if for each sequence {xn} in C, the condition xn → x0 weakly and Txn → 0 strongly implies Tx0 = 0. T is said to be semicompact if any bounded sequence {xn} in C satisfying limn→∞||xn - Txn|| = 0 has a convergent subsequence.
In order to prove our main results, we also need the following lemmas.
Lemma 2.1. [20]Let {an}, {bn} and {cn} be three nonnegative sequences satisfying the following condition:
where n0 is some nonnegative integer. If and , then limn→∞ an exists.
Lemma 2.2. [17]Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and 0 < λ ≤ tn ≤ η < 1 for all n ≥ 1. Suppose that {xn} and {yn} are sequences of E such that
and
hold for some r ≥ 0. Then limn→∞ ||xn - yn|| = 0.
The following lemma can be obtained from Qin et al. [31] or Sahu et al. [32] immediately.
Lemma 2.3. Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H. Let T : C → C be a Lipschitz generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping. Then I - T is demiclosed at origin.
3 Main results
Now, we are ready to give our main results in this paper.
Theorem 3.1. Let E be a real uniformly convex Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ and Si : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un}, {vn} be bounded sequences in C and en = max{hn, kn}, where and . Let {αn}, {βn}, {γn}, , and be sequences in [0,1] such that for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in (2.4). Put and . Let ξn = max{μn, νn}, where and . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(c) , where L is defined in (2.5);
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that λ ≤ αn, .
Then
and
Substituting (3.1) into (3.2), we see that
Notice that . We see from the restrictions (b) and (d) that there exists a positive integer n0 such that
where M1 = supn≥1{en}, M2 = supn≥1{||vn - f||}, and M3 = supn≥1{||un - f||}. In view of Lemma 2.1, we see that limn→∞ ||xn - f|| exists for each . This implies that the sequence {xn} is bounded. Next, we assume that limn→∞ ||xn - f|| = d > 0. From (3.1), we see that
This implies from the restrictions (a) and (b) that
Notice that
This shows from the restriction (a) that
On the other hand, we have
It follows from Lemma 2.2 that
Notice that
It follows from (3.4) and the restriction (a) that
This implies that
Notice that
and
which in turn imply that
and
On the other hand, we have
from which it follows that lim infn→∞ ||yn - f|| ≥ d. In view of (3.1), we see that lim supn→∞ ||yn - f|| ≤ d. This proves that
Notice that
This implies from Lemma 2.2 that
On the other hand, we have
This combines with (3.4), (3.5), and (3.7) gives that
Since n = (j(n) - 1)N + i(n), where i(n) ∈ {1, 2,..., N}, we see that
Notice that
This in turn implies that
and
Substituting (3.10) and (3.11) into (3.9) yields that
It follows from (3.6) and (3.7) that
In particular, we see that
For any r, s = 1, 2,..., N, we obtain that
Letting j → ∞, we arrive at
which is equivalent to
Notice that
On the other hand, we have
and
Substituting (3.15) and (3.16) into (3.14) yields that
It follows from (3.6) and (3.8) that
In particular, we see that
For any r, s = 1, 2,..., N, we obtain that
Letting j → ∞, we arrive
which is equivalent to
This completes the proof. □
Now, we are in a position to give weak convergence theorems.
Theorem 3.2. Let E be a real Hilbert space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ and Si : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un}, {vn} be bounded sequences in C and en = max{hn, kn}, where and . Let {αn}, {βn}, {γn}, , and be sequences in [0,1] such that for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in (2.4). Put and . Let ξn = max{μn, νn}, where and . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(c) , where L is defined in (2.5);
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that λ ≤ αn, .
Then the sequence {xn} converges weakly to some point in .
Proof. Since E is a Hilbert space and {xn} is bounded, we can obtain that there exists a subsequence of {xn} converges weakly to x* ∈ C. It follows from (3.13) and (3.18) that
Since I - Sr and I - Tr are demiclosed at origin by Lemma 2.3, we see that . Next, we show that the whole sequence {xn} converges weakly to x*. Suppose the contrary. Then there exists some subsequence of {xn} such that converges weakly to x** ∈ C. In the same way, we can show that . Notice that we have proved that limn→∞ ||xn - f|| exists for each . By virtue of Opial's condition of E, we have
This is a contradiction. Hence, x* = x**. This completes the proof. □
Remark 3.3. Theorem 3.2 which includes the corresponding results announced in Chang et al. [6], Chidume and Shahzad [7], Guo and Cho [10], Plubtieng et al. [14], Qin et al. [15], Thakur [21], Thianwan and Suantai [22], Xu and Ori [23], and Zhou and Chang [24] as special cases mainly improves the results of Cianciaruso et al. [9] in the following aspects.
(1) Extend the mappings from one family of mappings to two families of mappings;
(2) Extend the mappings from the class of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings to the class of generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mappings.
If Sr = I for each r ∈ {1, 2,..., N} and , then Theorem 3.2 is reduced to the following.
Corollary 3.4. Let E be a real Hilbert space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un} be a bounded sequence in C and . Let {αn}, {βn} and {γn} be sequences in [0,1] such that αn + βn + γn = 1 for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in the following process:
Put . Let . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that λ ≥ αn, .
Then the sequence {xn} converges weakly to some point in .
Next, we are in a position to state strong convergence theorems in a Banach space.
Theorem 3.5. Let E be a real uniformly convex Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ and Si : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un}, {vn} be bounded sequences in C and en = max{hn, kn}, where and . Let {αn}, {βn}, {γn}, , and be sequences in [0,1] such that for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in (2.4). Put and . Let ξn = max{μn, νn}, where and . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(c) , where L is defined in (2.5);
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that λ ≥ αn, .
If one of mappings in {T1, T2,..., TN} or one of mappings in {S1, S2,..., SN} are semicompact, then the sequence {xn} converges strongly to some point in .
Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that S1 are semicompact. It follows from (3.13) that
By the semicompactness of S1, we see that there exists a subsequence of {xn} such that strongly. From (3.13) and (3.18), we have
and
Since Sr and Tr are Lipshcitz continuous, we obtain that . From Theorem 3.1, we know that limn→∞||xn - f|| exists for each . That is, limn→∞||xn - w|| exists. From , we have
This completes the proof of Theorem 3.5. □
If Sr = I for each r ∈ {1, 2,..., N} and , then Theorem 3.5 is reduced to the following.
Corollary 3.6. Let E be a real uniformly convex Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un} be a bounded sequence in C and . Let {αn}, {βn} and {γn} be sequences in [0,1] such that αn + βn + γn = 1 for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in (3.19). Put . Let . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that λ ≥ αn, .
If one of mappings in {T1, T2,..., TN} is semicompact, then the sequence {xn} converges strongly to some point in .
Theorem 3.7. Let E be a real uniformly convex Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ and Si : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un}, {vn} be bounded sequences in C and en = max{hn, kn}, where and . Let {αn}, {βn}, {γn}, , and be sequences in [0,1] such that for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in (2.4). Put and . Let ξn = max{μn, νn}, where and . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(c) , where L is defined in (2.5);
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that λ ≥ αn,..
If there exists a nondecreasing function g : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) with g(0) = 0 and g(m) > 0 for all m ∈ (0, ∞) such that
then the sequence {xn} converges strongly to some point in .
Proof. In view of (3.13) and (3.18) that , which implies . Next, we show that the sequence {xn} is Cauchy. In view of (3.3), we obtain by putting
that
It follows, for any positive integers m, n, where m > n > n0, that
Taking the infimum over all , we arrive at
In view of and , we see that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in C and so {xn} converges strongly to some x* ∈ C. Since Tr and Sr are Lipschitz for each r ∈ {1, 2,..., N}, we see that is closed. This in turn implies that . This completes the proof. □
If Sr = I for each r ∈ {1, 2,..., N} and , then Theorem 3.7 is reduced to the following.
Corollary 3.8. Let E be a real uniformly convex Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let Ti : C → C be a uniformly -Lipschitz and generalized asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with a sequence , where as n → ∞ for each 1 ≤ i ≤ N. Assume that . Let {un} be a bounded sequence in C and . Let {αn}, {βn} and {γn} be sequences in [0,1] such that αn + βn + γn = 1 for each n ≥ 1. Let {xn} be a sequence generated in (3.19). Put . Let . Assume that the following restrictions are satisfied:
(d) there exist constants λ, η ∈ (0, 1) such that, λ ≥ αn, .
If there exists a nondecreasing function g : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) with g(0) = 0 and g(m) > 0 for all m ∈ (0, ∞) such that
then the sequence {xn} converges strongly to some point in .
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the referees for their helpful comments. The work was supported partially by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Y6110270).
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