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Incidence of cleft lip and palate in Tehran Jamilian A, Nayeri F, Babayan A - J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2007  |  Volume : 25  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 174-176
 

Incidence of cleft lip and palate in Tehran


1 Orthodontic Department, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence Address:
A Jamilian
No 1479, Corner of Ravanpoor Alley - Next to Jam-e-Jam, Valiasr Street, Tehran 19668
Iran
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DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.37013

PMID: 18007103

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   Abstract  

The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology and some of the possible risk factors causing oral cleft in Tehran. The study was a 7-year retrospective study from March 1998 to March 2005. Twenty-five live births with cleft lip and/or palate (CL ± P) were born between 20 March 1998 and 20 March 2005 from the total of 11,651 live births in a maternity hospital in Tehran. After recognizing the child as a cleft patient, previous and following children born were recognized as a noncleft sample. Cleft and noncleft samples were compared for variables such as gender, mother's age, parity, consanguineous marriage and infant's weight, and then analyzed with Chi-square. The overall incidence was 2.14 per 1000 live births. CL+ P is more prevalent, which was 52% and the least incidence was for "only cleft lip'' patients, which was 12%. This study reveals that the incidence of oral clefts in Tehran is higher than many other countries. Consanguineous marriage and low birth weight in cleft group were significant statistically from those of noncleft group.


Keywords: Cleft lip and palate, incidence, risk factors


How to cite this article:
Jamilian A, Nayeri F, Babayan A. Incidence of cleft lip and palate in Tehran. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2007;25:174-6

How to cite this URL:
Jamilian A, Nayeri F, Babayan A. Incidence of cleft lip and palate in Tehran. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent [serial online] 2007 [cited 2014 Feb 27];25:174-6. Available from: http://www.jisppd.com/text.asp?2007/25/4/174/37013



   Introduction   Top


Cleft lip and/or palate (CL ± P) is the most common congenital malformation of the head and neck; [1] it accounts for 65% of all head and neck anomalies. [2] Blacks have the lowest incidence rate of clefts. [3] The highest incidence rate was found in Native Americans as 3.74 per 1000, followed by Japanese subjects as 3.36 per 1000 live births. [4] In USA, these conditions affect about one in every 700 children, with a slightly lower incidence rate of 1.3 per 1000. [5] Most of the epidemiological studies have been carried out in USA, Europe or other countries. Asians are at higher risk than whites or blacks. [2],[6] The contradictory results of two different previous researches done in Tehran made another research necessary to shed light on the matter. The previous results reported an incidence of 1.03 to 3.73 per 1000 live births in Tehran. [6],[7]

The cause of CL ± P is known to be multifactorial in nature and includes both environmental and genetic factors. [8] Medications, intake of anticonvulsants, radiation, smoking, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy have all been proposed as factors, which may contribute to its etiology. In contrast, folic acid has been reported to have a protective effect. [9],[10],[11]

The aim of the present study was to establish the incidence and some possible risk factors for CL ± P in Iran, which were not given due attention, from 20 March 1998 to 20 March 2005. Having this information will help to establish integral treatment programs through appropriate CL ± P clinics and offer rehabilitation, education and genetic counseling.


   Materials and Methods   Top


The present study was a retrospective, observational study. The data for this epidemiological study was retrieved from the documented files at the largest maternity hospital in the center of Tehran during 20 March 1998 until 20 March 2005. Firstly, all patients with a CL ± P were recognized and various types of CL ± P were categorized. Those infants who were born with a cleft on their lips were called as CL patients. Those infants who were born with a cleft only on their palate were called as CP patients and those who were born with a cleft on their lips extending to their palates were called as CL + P patients. After recognizing the children with cleft, previous and following born children were recognized as noncleft sample. The hospital, in which this study was carried out, had several particular characteristics. Besides being located in the center of Tehran, it is one of the largest hospitals in the city. The natality rate is much higher than other hospitals in the city. This hospital is a tertiary care center; therefore, it receives patients from all over Tehran and from different strata of society. The characteristics of this hospital have made it a perfect center in Tehran for carrying out studies since it signifies the whole population of Tehran. In the first year, there were approximately 177 deliveries done every month and the rate was 150 per month in the last year. The cleft and noncleft samples were compared for variables such as gender, mother's age, parity, consanguineous marriage and the infant's weight. Then, the above-mentioned risk factors were analyzed with Chi-square test.


   Results   Top


From a total of 11,651 cases, 25 children with CL ± P were born between 20 March 1998 and 20 March 2005. The overall incidence was 2.14 per 1000 live births. According to this incidence, the confidence interval by the probability 95% was 1.9-2.34 per 1000 live births. Distribution of CL ± P is shown in [Table - 1] according to type of cleft. It shows that both cleft lip and palate are more prevalent, which was 52% and the least was for only cleft lip patients (12%). 52% of all cleft patients were girls and 48% were boys [Table - 2].

The role of related factors in CL ± P is given in [Table - 3]. It shows that gender, age of mother and parity in cleft group were not significantly different from those of noncleft samples. However, consanguineous marriage and low birth weight in cleft group were significantly different from noncleft group.

31.8% of CL ± P infants were the result of consanguineous marriages. However, 8% of noncleft samples were born as a result of consanguineous marriages ( P < 0.01). CL ± P infants born from consanguineous parents were five times more than noncleft infants born from consanguineous marriage. 50% of CL ± P infants had birth weight lower than 2500 g and 18% of noncleft infants had birth weight lower than this weight ( P < 0.004). CL ± P infants suffering from low birth weight were four times more than noncleft infants suffering from low birth weight.


   Discussion   Top


This study showed that the incidence of CL ± P infants was 2.14 per 1000 live births. Fifty-two percent of patients suffered from both cleft lip and palate, 36% suffered from palatal cleft and 12% suffered from cleft lip. It seems that the number of CL ± P patients in Iran is higher than other countries. There are numerous studies linking chemical agents with pathogenesis of CL ± P. It was suggested that alcohol has teratogenic effect during pregnancy. [12] It was also reported that high dose of vitamin A has teratogenic effect during pregnancy. [13]

In Asia, incidence of 1.94:1000 was found in the Philippines. [14] The incidence of CL ± P was 1.81 per 1000 live births in Korea. [15] In Pakistan, the incidence for CL ± P was 1.91 per 1000 live births. [16] It is supposed that among Native Americans, there is a greater incidence of palatal clefts, with figures of up to 1:300 live births. [17] In the African American population, it is approximately one per 2500 births. This latter figure suggests that the incidence of CL ± P among African Americans is even lower than African natives. [18] In European countries, Owens et al. [19] found the incidence rate of 1.4:1000 births in England. In Italy, Calzolari et al . [14] found 1.3:1000 and 0.6-0.7:1000 live births in Sweden. [20] In Ireland, the incidence was 1.28:1000. [21] In the former German Democratic Republic, the incidence rate was 1.88:1000 [17] and in Slovenia, the incidence rate was 1.64:1000. [22]

In the present study, there was no genderwise difference in CL ± P and 52% of all patients were girls and 48% were boys. Similarly, in Nigeria, both types of clefts were equally distributed between males and females. [23] In Sudan, girls made up a higher proportion than boys with a male-to-female ratio of 3:10, [24] in contrast to the reports coming from Europe and the USA [8],[20],[21] where females were less often affected.

The present study showed that gender, mother's age and parity were not found statistically significant in relation to cleft lip and palate. The mother's age was not an important factor for this malformation. Blanco-Davila [25] also reported the same result, but Habib [26] stated the incidence of CL ± P probably increases with mother's age.

This study showed that there is a relation between low birth weight and CL ± P. Rintalla and Gylling [27] reported a lower average birth weight among newborns with clefts, but Henriksson [28] reported a mean birth weight of 3405.6 g for Swedish children with clefts without associated defects. As clefting occurs in the first trimester, birth weight is only finalized in the later trimesters; therefore, low birth weight, logically, cannot be a cause of clefts. Nevertheless, this study showed that there is a relation between low birth weight and cleft that cannot be disregarded. According to what is said in regards of trimesters of cleft and birth weight, there might be some likelihood of CL ± P leading to low birth weight in the last trimester of pregnancy. The possibility of cleft's effects on birth weight needs more studies.

This study showed that parity does not have any effect on causing CL ± P. In addition, Rajabian and Sherkat [6] reported the same result.

In this study, the risk of CL ± P was increased in consanguineous marriage. Similarly, Harville [29] found that the risk of cleft lip alone, but not of cleft lip and palate, was increased for twins and infants whose parents were first cousins. This interesting result needs more studies.


   Conclusion   Top


Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that:

  1. The overall incidence of cleft lip and / or palate in Tehran was 2.14 per 1000 live births.
  2. Consanguineous marriage and low birth weight in cleft group were significantly different from those of noncleft group.
  3. Gender, mother's age and parity in cleft group were not significantly different from those of noncleft group.


 
   References   Top

1. Ortega A. Deformidades Craneofaciales, labio y paladar hendido. Ambos Pract Odont 1996;12:47-80  Back to cited text no. 1    
2. Gorlin RY, Cohen MM, Hannekam R. Syndromes of the head and neck, 4 th ed. Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford; 2001  Back to cited text no. 2    
3. Gilmore SI, Hofman SM. Clefts in Wisconsin: Incidence and related factors. Cleft Palate J 1966;3:186-99  Back to cited text no. 3    
4. Lowry RB, Trimble BK. Incidence rates for cleft lip and palate in British Columbia 1952-1971 for North American Indian, Japanese, Chinese and total populations: Secular trends over twenty years. Teratology 1977;16:277-83  Back to cited text no. 4  [PUBMED]  
5. Thomas PC. Multidisciplinary care of the child born with cleft lip and palate. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;18:6-16  Back to cited text no. 5    
6. Rajabian MH, Sherkat M. An epidemiologic study of oral clefts in Iran: Analysis of 1669 cases. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2000;37:191-6  Back to cited text no. 6  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
7. Taher AA. Cleft lip and palate in Tehran. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29:15-6  Back to cited text no. 7  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
8. Cohen MM Jr. Perspective on craniofacial anomalies, syndromes and other disorders. In : Lin KY, Ogle RC, Jane JA, editors. Craniofacial surgery: Science and surgical technique. WB. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA; 2002. pp. 448-53  Back to cited text no. 8    
9. Carinci F, Rullo R, Farina A, Morano D, Festa V, Mazzarella N, et al . Non-syndromic orofacial clefts in Southern Italy: Pattern analysis according to gender, history of maternal smoking, folic acid intake and familial diabetes. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005;33:91-4  Back to cited text no. 9    
10. Honein MA, Paulozzi LG, Watkins ML. Maternal smoking and birth defects: Validity of birth certificate data for effect estimation. Public Health Rept 2001;116:327-35  Back to cited text no. 10    
11. Jaber L, Nahmani A, Halpern GJ, Shohat M. Facial clefting in an Arab town in Israel. Clin Genet 2002;61:448-53  Back to cited text no. 11  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
12. Jones MC. Facial clefting: Etiology and developmental pathogenesis. Clin Plast Surg 1993;20:599-606  Back to cited text no. 12  [PUBMED]  
13. Saver GJ, Evans CA. Hypervitaminosis and matrix alterations in maxillary implants from 16 day rat embryos. Teratology 1980;21:123-30  Back to cited text no. 13    
14. Calzolari E, Milan M, Carazzuti GB, Cocchi G, Gandini E, Magnani C, et al . Epidemiological and genetics study of 200 cases of oral cleft in the Emilia Romagna region of northern Italy. Teratology 1988;38:559-64  Back to cited text no. 14    
15. Kim S, Kim WJ, Oh C, Kim JC. Cleft lip and palate incidence among the live births in the Republic of Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2002;17:49-52  Back to cited text no. 15  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
16. Elahi MM, Jacson IT, Elahi O, Khan AH, Mubarak F, Tariq GB, et al. Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Pakistan. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:1548-55  Back to cited text no. 16    
17. Zieglowski V, Hemprich A. Facial cleft birth rate in former East Germany before and after the reactor accident in Chernobyl. Mund Kiefer Gerichtschir 1999;3:195-9  Back to cited text no. 17    
18. Msamati BC, Igbibi PS, Chisi JE. The incidence of cleft lip, cleft palate, hydrocephalus and spina bifida at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Cent Afr J Med 2000;46:292-6  Back to cited text no. 18    
19. Owens JR, Jones JW, Harris F. Epidemiology of facial clefting. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:521-4  Back to cited text no. 19  [PUBMED]  
20. Hagberg C, Larson O, Milerad J. Incidence of cleft lip and palate and risks of additional malformations. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1998;35:40-5  Back to cited text no. 20  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
21. Gregg T, Boyd D, Richardson A. The incidence of cleft lip and palate in Northern Ireland from 1980-1990. Br J Orthod 1994;21:387-92  Back to cited text no. 21  [PUBMED]  
22. Kozel V. Epidemiology of orofacial clefts in Solvenia, 1973-1993: Comparison of the incidence in sex European countries. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1996;24:378-82  Back to cited text no. 22    
23. Iregbulem LM. The incidence of cleft lip and palate in Nigeria. Cleft Palate J 1982;19:201-5  Back to cited text no. 23  [PUBMED]  
24. Suleiman AM, Hamzah ST, Abusalab MA, Samaan KT. Prevalence of cleft lip a hospital-based population in the Sudan. Int J Paediatr Dent 2005;15:185-9  Back to cited text no. 24  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
25. Blanco-Davila F. Incidence of cleft lip and palate in the northeast of Mexico: A 10-year study. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14:533-7  Back to cited text no. 25  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
26. Habib Z. Factors determining occurrence of cleft lip and cleft palate. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978;146:105-10  Back to cited text no. 26  [PUBMED]  
27. Rintala AE, Gylling U. Birth weight of infants with cleft lip and palate. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1967;1:109-12  Back to cited text no. 27  [PUBMED]  
28. Henriksson TG. Cleft lip and palate in Sweden: A genetic and clinical investigation. The institute for medical Genetics of the University of Uppsala: Thesis; 1971  Back to cited text no. 28    
29. Harville EW, Wilcox AG, Lie RT, Vindenes H, Abyholm F. Cleft lip and palate versus cleft lip only: Are they distinct defects? Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:448-53  Back to cited text no. 29    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3]


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