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Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine Free Full Text
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Original Clinical Research
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine: Volume 6   May, 2008   Number 5

DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080509
Diagnostic value of CT peritoneography for non-infectious complications of peritoneal dialysis
1. Qin WANG (Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China E-mail: qin.wang@263.net)
2. Zhao-hui NI (Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China )
3. Min-li ZHU (Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China )
4. Shan MOU (Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China )
5. Li-ou CAO (Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China )
6. Wei FANG (Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China )

Objective: To assess the diagnostic value of CT peritoneography for peritoneal complications of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).

Methods: CT peritoneography in 11 CAPD patients with clinically suspected dialysis-related complications was prospectively studied. The CAPD patients were all treated in Renji Hospital from 2005 to 2007. CT images were reviewed according to the evidence of peritoneal leaks, hernias, loculated pleural fluid collections, and adhesions.

Results: Abnormal findings were found in 9 of 11 CAPD cases including inguinal hernias (3 cases), umbilical hernia (1 case), hydrocele (1 case), leaks in catheter tunnel (2 cases), and peritoneal adhesions (2 cases). Parts of them were confirmed by surgical operation.

Conclusion: CT peritoneography is useful for the evaluation of complications related to CAPD, and it offers excellent tissue contrast and multiplanar imaging for assessment of the complications.

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Wang Q, Ni ZH, Zhu ML, Mou S, Cao LO, Fang W. J Chin Integr Med/Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2008; 6(5): 478-481. Received March 21, 2008; published online May 15, 2008. Free full text (PDF) is available at www.jcimjournal.com. Indexed/abstracted in and full text link-out at PubMed. Forward linking and reference linking via CrossRef. DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080509

 

Correspondence: Qin WANG; Tel: 021-68383121; E-mail: qin.wang@263.net

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      持续性非卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, CAPD)是一种有效的肾脏替代治疗方法。全世界有超过60 000的患者正在接受CAPD治疗1。在美国和西欧,接近三分之一的终末期肾衰的患者选择CAPD治疗。然而,在CAPD不同环节可能出现各种并发症,有时不得不因此停止CAPD治疗。出口感染、皮下隧道感染和腹膜炎是CAPD最常见的并发症2。技术相关的并发症包括疝气、渗漏(液体积聚渗漏部位的附近)、腹膜炎、后腹膜粘连和腹膜透析效率逐渐降低3。其相应的临床症状包括血性腹透液、腹部不适或疼痛、软组织水肿和超滤减少。

      早在1979年就有学者应用腹腔CT联合腹腔内注入造影剂来评估腹腔内液体动力学4。也有国外学者曾经使用核磁共振腹腔影像学检查来评估CAPD患者的并发症,可以明确腹腔内外器质性病变,包括后腹膜渗漏、膈肌渗漏、腹壁渗漏、疝气形成等5。但目前很少有关于腹腔CT影像学检查在诊断CAPD患者非感染性腹腔并发症中的临床应用价值的相关研究报道。

      因此,本文旨在初步探讨腹腔CT影像学检查在诊断CAPD患者非感染性腹腔并发症中的应用价值。通过腹腔影像学检查对这些CAPD患者进行诊断性评估,确定临床可疑的诊断,为外科手术术前提供详细可靠的信息6

 
   

 1   资料与方法
1.1   研究对象   选取2005年至2007年间我院正在进行CAPD治疗的11例患者,他们分别存在腹痛(2例)、局部组织肿胀(7例)、腹透液引流不畅(5例),但腹水常规检查均正常。临床高度怀疑为腹膜透析相关非感染性腹腔并发症的患者进行腹腔CT影像学检查。
1.2   研究方法   患者在进行腹腔CT影像学检查前,先将腹透液全部引流出来。在空腹状态下进行腹腔(范围包括横膈至耻骨联合)CT平扫。然后在无菌状态下将含有50 ml碘必乐(iopamidol3701.5%腹透液1 000 ml经腹透管注入腹腔内。嘱患者进行行走和翻身等活动,持续30 min左右,使腹腔内溶液充分混匀后,再次行腹腔(范围同前)CT平扫。结束后将含有造影剂的腹透液置换出来。比较前后两次CT检查结果,结合临床资料,综合分析患者是否存在腹腔渗漏、疝气、局部腹透液的聚集和大网膜包裹等情况,评估其诊断价值。

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2     
2.1   一般情况   11CAPD患者进入研究。其中,男性8例,女性3例。平均年龄(45.27±17.96)岁,平均透析疗程(14.82±19.22)个月。患者进行腹腔CT影像学检查的原因见表1
2.2   腹腔CT影像学检查结果   11CAPD临床高度怀疑为腹膜透析相关非感染性腹腔并发症的患者中有9例(81.8%)出现异常情况。其中包括隧道内渗漏2例,见图1;腹股沟疝气3例;睾丸鞘膜积液1例,见图2;脐疝1例,见图3;大网膜包裹2例,见图4。其中8例(腹股沟疝气2例,睾丸鞘膜积液1例,脐疝1例,导管出口处渗漏2例,大网膜包裹2例)有手术条件的患者经过手术均得到证实,其阳性率高达100%。
    

1   腹腔CT影像学检查的原因

Table 1   Reasons of CT peritoneography

Patient number

Sex

Age (years)

Duration of peritoneal dialysis (months)

Reason of CT peritoneography

1

Female

56

4

Abdominal pain, abdominal mass, and poor dialysate drainage

2

Male

75

7

Inguinal mass

3

Male

33

17

Poor dialysate drainage

4

Male

42

1

Poor dialysate drainage

5

Male

21

2

Poor dialysate drainage

6

Male

16

13

Poor dialysate drainage

7

Female

37

1

Inguinal mass

8

Male

65

25

Inguinal mass

9

Male

50

1

Right scrotal swelling

10

Female

46

65

Abdominal wall swelling

11

Male

57

27

Abdominal mass and abdominal pain


 

    

1   导管隧道周围渗漏

Figure 1   Leaks in catheter tunnel
A: CT image after dialysate drainage; B: CT image reveals residual of iopamidol-dialysate mixture in peritoneal cavity. Leaks in catheter tunnel can be seen clearly (White arrows).
 

   

2   鞘膜积液

Figure 2   Hydrocele of tunica vaginalis
A: CT image after dialysate drainage; B: CT image reveals residual of iopamidol-dialysate mixture in peritoneal cavity. Note leakage of tunica vaginalis (White arrows).

 

 

3   脐疝
Figure 3   Umbilical hernia
A: CT image after dialysate drainage; B: CT image reveals residual of iopamidol-dialysate mixture in peritoneal cavity. Note leakage of umbilical hernia (White arrows).
    
    

图4   腹透导管大网膜包裹

Figure 4   Peritoneal adhesions
A: CT image after dialysate drainage; B: CT image reveals residual of iopamidol-dialysate mixture in peritoneal cavity. The end of catheter is encapsulated in peritoneum and dialysate is localized (Black arrows).
 

      11例患者在进行腹腔CT影像学检查中,均无眩晕、恶心、呕吐、荨麻疹、胸闷等表现,无造影剂过敏表现。检查后无明显尿量减少以及超滤减少等残肾功能减退表现。所有患者均能耐受检查。

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3     
      对于终末期肾功能衰竭的患者,CAPD是一种比较成熟的替代治疗方法之一。近5年来,在我科进行随访的腹膜透析患者已经超过250例。急性腹膜炎是最常见的并发症,可以不用停止腹膜透析,通过腹腔内给予抗生素进行治疗78。其他一些与透析的方式有关的并发症910包括超滤、可疑腹透液渗漏和出口等问题,这些问题有些可以通过B超、X线等无创手段进行检查,但是有很多问题通过上述检查仍无法明确诊断。

      腹腔CT影像学检查与常规B超或X线检查比较,在CAPD患者腹膜透析相关非感染性腹腔并发症的诊断中具备很多优势,如立体感强、分辨率高和排除肠道气体干扰等。

      B超是一种无创而简单的检查,在隧道积液等并发症的诊断中比较灵敏,但其对空腔脏器的敏感度比较低。X线检查为平面影像,多个平面相互重叠,缺乏立体感。在大多数情况下,腹部B超或单独一张腹部平片很难判断腹透液渗漏的情况(隧道内、皮下、腹壁局部的渗漏)是否存在以及腹透管与腹腔内脏器(大网膜、肠道等)的位置关系等。而腹腔CT影像学检查则不同,CT检查图像清晰,分辨率高。它比普通X线检查分辨率高10~20倍。CT检查能提供真正的断面图像,这些图像无不同器官和病灶互相重叠的影像,能提供受检层面器官和病灶的细节,使定位准确性达到很高的水平。特别是20世纪80年代后期,高低压滑环技术、连续式螺旋扫描技术以及计算机软件的发展,使CT技术又上了一个新的台阶,达到尽善尽美的程度,并且可重建出比传统CT扫描质量高的CT三维图像。

      在本研究中,我们对腹腔CT影像学检查的优越性体会颇深。由于存在慢性的持续性的腹腔内压力增加,CAPD患者腹透液渗漏和腹壁疝气发生率很高1114。渗漏可能的结局有透析液开放性地沿着导管隧道外渗或由于液体弥漫性地渗入皮下组织导致腹壁水肿。导管出口处渗漏从解剖学上可以分为皮下、筋膜下或腹直肌鞘内12。在图1中我们可以轻松地分辨出腹壁局部的腹透液渗漏,并且通过造影剂的对比可以明确腹壁局部包块与腹腔存在交通。图2中可以清楚地判断出患者存在鞘膜积液。疝气经常发生在腹部置管的手术切口部位、肚脐以及腹股沟管。这些部位存在潜在的局部结构薄弱。脐疝和腹股沟疝常常由于突然的腹腔内压力增加而形成,可以引起腹壁和阴囊的水肿。对于存在疝气的病人,腹腔CT影像学检查可以提供非常好的组织对比度。图3中我们可以看到与腹腔存在交通的脐疝。疝气通常需要外科修补,我们的病人在外科医生的帮助下成功地进行了疝气的修补术,经休息后得以重新开始CAPD治疗。2例患者由于腹透液引流不畅行腹腔CT影像学检查。我们清楚地看到卷曲管的末端包裹在大网膜中(图4),且注入含造影剂的透析液后包裹的局部(与腹腔内其他部分比较)明显可以看到造影剂浓集,考虑该患者引流不畅是由于大网膜的包裹引起的。在重新置管的手术中,我们拔出原腹透导管时发现腹透导管的卷曲部分为大网膜包裹,且大网膜已经长入腹透导管内。腹腔CT影像学检查的结果得到手术的进一步证实。

      研究表明,腹膜透析时腹膜的毛细血管壁可能是溶质转运的最重要的屏障。腹膜毛细血管内的溶质弥散入腹透液中具有分子大小选择性,通过“三孔模式”进行。大部分小孔(半径为40~50 A,r<0.8 nm)允许转运尿素、肌酐和葡萄糖之类的小分子溶质通过;一小部分(<1%)大孔(半径大于150 ,r>20 nm)允许大分子溶质通过。还有丰富的超小孔,主要是水孔蛋白-1,位于腹膜毛细血管内皮。腹膜内在通透性取决于大孔的半径。在我们的研究中,使用的造影剂是碘必乐(iopamidol)370,理论上不能通过腹膜屏障进入体循环。在研究中,我们的病人都能耐受腹腔CT影像学检查,并且没有明显尿量减少、超滤减少等残肾功能减退表现。腹腔CT影像学检查是一种无创可靠且灵敏度较高的检查技术,操作简便易行。在一些存在可疑腹膜透析相关非感染性腹腔并发症的CAPD患者中,腹腔CT影像学检查有助于明确诊断,值得进一步研究。

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References
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2. Khanna R, Nolph KD, Oreopoulos DG. Peritonitis and exit-site infection. In: Khanna R, Nolph KD, Oreopoulos DG. The essentials of peritoneal dialysis[M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. 76-88.
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5. Prischl FC, Muhr T, Seiringer EM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the peritoneal cavity among peritoneal dialysis patients, using the dialysate as "contrast medium"[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002, 13(1) : 197-203.
  
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7. Stafford-Johnson DB, Wilson TE, Francis IR, et al. CT appearance of sclerosing peritonitis in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis[J]. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1998, 22(2) : 295-299.
    
8. Fleisher AG, Kimmelstiel FM, Lattes CG, et al. Surgical complications of peritoneal dialysis catheters[J]. Am J Surg, 1985, 149(6) : 726-729.
    
9. Gloor HJ, Nichols WK, Sorkin MI, et al. Peritoneal access and related complications in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis[J]. Am J Med, 1983, 74(4) : 593-598.
    
10. Valenti G, Cresseri D, Bianchi ML, et al. Surgical complications during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis[J]. Perit Dial Int, 1985, 5(1) : 39-42.
[]  
11. Kopecky RT, Funk MM, Kreitzer PR. Localized genital edema in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis[J]. J Urol, 1985, 134(5) : 880-884.
  
12. Engeset J, Youngson GG. Ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hernial complications[J]. Surg Clin North Am, 1984, 64(2) : 385-392.
  
13. Bargman JM. Complications of peritoneal dialysis related to increased intraabdominal pressure[J]. Kidney Int Suppl, 1993, 40: S75-80.
  
14. Maxwell AJ, Boggis CR, Sambrook P. Computed tomographic peritoneography in the investigation of abdominal wall and genital swelling in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis[J]. Clin Radiol, 1990, 41(2) : 100-104.
    
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