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Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine Free Full Text
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Original Clinical Research
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine: Volume 5   January, 2007   Number 1

DOI: 10.3736/jcim20070104
Construction of a therapeutic effect evaluation system for patients with primary liver cancer based on syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dong-tao LI (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
2. Chang-quan LING (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China E-mail: lingchangquan@hotmail.com)
3. Qing-bo LANG (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
4. De-zeng ZHU (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
5. Chao-qin YU (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
6. Zhe CHEN (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
7. Xiao-feng ZHAI (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
8. Jie SHEN (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
9. Jin-feng ZHANG (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )
10. Bai-hong ZHANG (Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Mi2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao First Convalescent Hospital, Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, Chinalitary Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China )

Objective: To construct a system of therapeutic effect evaluation for patients with primary liver cancer according to the theory of syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and to examine its reliability.

Methods: Analytic hierarchy process and 100 mm surveyor's rod method were applied to obtain bottom layer and top level syndromes, which were used to construct the method of therapeutic effect evaluation, and its reliability was verified in clinical practice by comparing with some evaluation criteria in Western medicine, such as cancer severity scale; Karnofsky performance scale; Child-Pugh classification, cancer staging classification, and quality of life scale, etc.

Results: A system of therapeutic effect evaluation was constructed, and it could reflect the progress of tumor, changes of hepatic function and constitution. The evaluation scores acquired from the system were highly associated with the quality of life of the patients.

Conclusion: The system of therapeutic effect evaluation can reflect the severity of disease and the characteristics of TCM treatment.

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Li DT, Ling CQ, Lang QB, Zhu DZ, Yu CQ, Chen Z, Zhai XF, Shen J, Zhang JF, Zhang BH. J Chin Integr Med / Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2007; 5(1): 15-22. Received October 26, 2006; published online January 15, 2007. Free full text (PDF) is available at www.jcimjournal.com

Correspondence: Chang-quan LING, MD, Professor; Tel: 021-25070881; E-mail: lingchangquan@hotmail.com

基金项目: 上海市科学技术委员会基础研究资助项目(No. 05JC14044); 国家自然科学基金资助项目(No. 90209018)

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        原发性肝癌的中医临床治疗模式,主要是“辨病(肿瘤)”与“辨证”相结合的模式,是以“证候”与“肿瘤”为主要治疗依据的。而“证候”是体现中医特色的重要内容,中医临床很大程度是依据“证候”进行遣方用药的。因此原发性肝癌的临床疗效评价也应该考虑“证候”这个因素。但现在临床上以证候为内容的综合疗效评价指标体系研究尚属空白。为了解决这个问题,自2004年6月开始,我们以100 mm刻度法及综合评价层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)为数学工具,以“综合集成研讨厅”为研讨方式,共取57个中医症状为底层指标、以8个基本证候及实证、虚证为第二层、第三层次指标,以证候总评价为顶层指标,初步构建了以证候为内容的原发性肝癌综合疗效评价方法及指标体系。并自2005年1月起,在临床上与西医的肿瘤轻重程度评分、卡氏评分、肿瘤分期、Child分级及生存质量等进行了相关性对比研究,对模型的可靠性进行了验证。现将操作过程及结果介绍如下。

 
   

1  资料与方法
1.1  文献资料  主要查阅了建国后国家权威机构及专门研究单位出版的、与中医证候研究相关的指导原则1、标准2~4、症状描述5~7、鉴别8~9、研究方法10~11等文献资料,以及在重庆维普信息数据库检索国内近10年中医证候研究相关期刊文献。
1.2  病例纳入标准  符合2001年9月中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会广州会议制订的原发性肝癌诊断标准12
1.3  病例排除标准  证实合并严重心脑血管疾病、造血系统等原发性疾病;精神病患者;病情危重不适合调查者;不合作者;语言表达障碍者。在统计时,填表不规范无法使用者也被剔除。
1.4  一般资料  调查的患者为2005年1月至2005年10月第二军医大学长海医院中医科符合纳入标准的原发性肝癌住院患者,总数203人次,其中男性181人次,女性22人次;平均年龄(53.61±11.21)岁;Ⅰa 26例,Ⅰb 17例,Ⅱa 29例,Ⅱb 59例,Ⅲa 65例,Ⅲb 7例。
1.5  研究方法
1.5.1  文献收集归纳  文献收集归纳重点围绕以下内容:(1)收集归纳有关原发性肝癌相关症状特征、轻重程度描述、分级标准、量化方法等文献;(2)收集归纳国内外有关症状及证候研究方法;(3)收集归纳复杂性科学与证候研究相关文献。
1.5.2  原发性肝癌证候研究“综合集成研讨厅”  模式的搭建我们遴选的专家主要为上海市长期从事肝癌中西医结合治疗的专家,其中主任医师5名,副主任医师7名。采用自由式研讨方式,将研讨内容制成PowerPoint作为研讨模板。对于每个症状的临床鉴别、量化方法与赋分标准,专家先畅所欲言,最后形成共识13。对于层次分析法目标树各层次指标权重估计按Delphi法。研讨之前给大家公布了“综合集成研讨厅”模式的体系规范与专家行为规范14, 15。前后共组织研讨4次。
1.5.3  通过专家研讨方式确立原发性肝癌中医常见症状量化方案   量化方法主要以100 mm刻度法16~18结合症状轻重程度分级赋分法。专家根据临床经验,对每个症状量化方案通过反复论证、相互启发,对每个症状是按100 mm刻度法、还是按分级赋分法进行反复权衡,并达成共识,最后形成原发性肝癌常见症状量化规范。
1.5.4  建立以证候为内容的原发性肝癌中医疗效量化评价层次分析目标树  按照层次分析法确立以证候为内容的中医疗效量化评价目标树层次。以每个证候所列症状量化分值为最下层指标,证候的各个指标(症状或症状组合)为第二层次,实证集合与虚证集合的基本证候为第三层,证候总评分为第四层。
1.5.5  专家对以证候为内容的原发性肝癌疗效评价层次分析目标树中各层次指标进行权重估计  专家按Satty权重法对各层评价指标用层次分析法目标树各层次评分标准19进行权重估计。汇总后计算各指标平均权重,不是整数的按目标树各层次评分标准四舍五入律成整数。以虚证之间为例,计算后各权重分别为:气虚(X3-1)∶血虚(X3-2)∶阴虚(X3-3)∶阳虚(X3-4)=1∶3∶3∶5。
1.5.6  按层次分析法对各层次指标建立成对比较判断优选矩阵  如以X3-1气虚、X3-2血虚、X3-3阴虚、X3-4阳虚为例,虚证之间优选矩阵见图1。
    

  X3-1 X3-2 X3-33 X3-4
X3-1 1(a11) 1/3(a12) 1/3(a13) 1/5(a14)
X3-2 3(a21) 1(a22) 1(a23) 1/3(a24)
X3-3 3(a31) 1(a32) 1(a33) 1/3(a34)
X3-4 1/5(a41) 1/3(a42) 1/3(a43) 1(a44)

图1  虚证之间各个指标优选矩阵
Figure 1   Optimizing matrix of asthenia syndrome

1.5.7  计算初始权重系数  按公式Wi′=mai1·ai2···aim计算初始权重系数Wi′。以虚证之间为例:W3-1′=41·1/3·1/3·1/5=0.377 96。以此类推:W3-2′=1;W3-3′=1;W3-4′=2.590 01。
1.5.8  计算归一化权重系数  按公式Wi=Wi′/∑mi=1Wi′计算归一化权重系数Wi。以虚证为例:W3-1′=0.377 960.377 96+1+1+2.590 01=0.076 08。以此类推:W3-2=0.201 29;W3-3=0.201 29;W3-4=0.523 4。
1.5.9  各层次指标计算公式的确立  根据层次分析法计算方法,初步确立了以证候为内容的中医综合评价层次分析评价模型各层次指标计算公式。以虚证总评分为例:虚证总评分GI虚证总=0.076 08X3-1(气虚)+0.201 29X3-2(血虚)+0.201 29X3-3(阴虚)+0.523 4X3-4(阳虚)。
1.5.10  临床验证  自2005年1月开始,我们在第二军医大学长海医院中医科对以证候为内容的原发性肝癌中医疗效评价指标体系的可靠性、合理性、可操作性进行了临床验证。制订了统一的临床观察表与填写标准,并对研究人员进行了岗前培训。临床医生按填写标准填写临床观察表。对符合纳入标准的患者入院后3 d内填写1次,出院前3 d填写1次。其中与评价有关的主要西医指标为:肿瘤轻重程度评分、Child分级、卡氏评分、肝癌分期、生活质量。出院时患者及住院医生填写入出院病情进展情况。生活质量表选择肝胆肿瘤治疗功能评定量表(the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Hepatobiliary Questionaire, FACT-Hep)20,由专家翻译成中文后制订。统计资料截止至2005年10月底。
1.6  统计学方法  根据数据特点选择性使用Pearson相关分析、Spearman等级相关分析、直线回归分析。应用的软件为SPSS 10.0及SAS 9.0。由第二军医大学卫生统计学教研室统计。

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2 结果
2.1 以证候为内容的原发性肝癌疗效综合评价层次分析模型的构建
2.1.1 原发性肝癌常见临床症状量化规范
 按100 mm刻度法直接赋分的有:神疲乏力、胸胁脘腹胀满、疼痛、纳呆、心悸、少寐、口干咽燥等7项。按症状分级赋分的有以下几种情况:按三级赋分16.7 mm、50 mm、83.4 mm,有面色晦暗、舌红、舌紫、苔黄、身目黄染、嗳气或呃逆、口臭、畏寒喜暖、发热、手足心热、盗汗、头身困重、食后脘腹胀满、口渴、口苦、大便干结、大便溏薄、夜尿频多、胁下积块、腹水、胸水、下肢水肿、脉数24项,如身目黄染按血清总红素17.1~34.0 μmol/L、34.0~51.0 μmol/L、大于51.0 μmol/L分别赋分;按二级分别赋分25 mm、75 mm,有小便黄、苔腻2项,如舌苔腻按腻、厚腻分别赋分;其余25项未分级者赋分50 mm。
2.1.2 症状以上各层次指标计算公式的确立 根据层次分析法计算方法,症状以上各层次指标的计算方法如下。气滞证:按X11胸胁脘腹胀满、X12痛无定处、X13情志抑郁、X14嗳气(X141)或呃逆(X142)、X15脉弦,气滞证计算公式为GI气滞=0.471 89X11+0.205 99X12+0.205 99X13+0.073 34(0.5X141+0.5X142)+0.042 67X15。
    血瘀证:按X21胁下积块、X22疼痛固定不移、X23面色晦暗(X231)或唇甲青紫(X232)、X24肝掌(X241)或蜘蛛痣(X242)或青筋暴露(X243)、X25舌质紫或见瘀斑瘀点或舌下络脉曲张,血瘀证计算公式为GI血瘀=0.123 04X21+0.053 72X22+0.259 41(0.324 67X231+0.675 33X232)+0.053 72(0.333 33X241+0.166 67X242+0.5X243)+0.510 11X25 
    (实)热证:按X31发热、X32口渴(X321)或口苦(X322)或口臭(X323)、X33大便干结(X331)或小便黄赤(X332)、X34舌红(X341)或苔黄(X342)、X35脉数,(实)热证计算公式为GI(实)热证=0.477 1X31+0.259 5(0.142 86X321+0.428 57X322+0.428 57X323)+0.078 3(0.5X331+0.5X332)+0.142 5(0.675 33X341+ 0.324 67X342)+0.042 6X35。
    水湿证:按X41腹水(X411)或胸水(X412)或下肢水肿(X413)、X42身目黄染、X43头身困重、X44苔腻或滑、X45脉滑,水湿证计算公式为GI水湿=0.436 02(0.6X411+0.2X412+0.2X413)+0.265 25X42+0.089 79X43 +0.154 23X44+0.054 62X45。
    气虚证:按X51神疲乏力、X52纳呆(X521)或食后脘腹胀满(X522)、X53大便溏薄、X54舌淡且胖或舌淡伴齿痕舌、X55脉弱,气虚证计算公式为GI气虚=0.491 74X51+0.254 37(0.5X521+0.5X522)+0.097 24X53 +0.124 9X54+0.031 74X55。
    血虚证:按X61面白无华或萎黄或唇甲色淡、X62头晕眼花、X63心悸(X631)或少寐(X632)、X64舌淡白、X65脉细,血虚证计算公式为GI血虚=0.465 67X61+0.128 3X62+0.315 54(0.613 54X631+ 0.386 46X632)+0.052 16X64+0.038 33X65。
    阴虚证:按X71口干、X72盗汗、X73潮热(X731)或手足心热(X732)、X74舌嫩红或少苔或裂纹或剥苔或无苔、X75脉细且数,阴虚证计算公式为GI阴虚=0.074 7X71+0.364 01X72+0.364 01(0.5X731+0.5X732) +0.156 94X74 +0.038 34X75。
    阳虚证:按X81畏寒肢冷、X82小便清长、X83夜尿频数、X84舌淡、X85脉迟,阳虚证计算公式为GI阳虚=0.486 95X81+0.239 15X82+0.154 43X83+0.154 43X84+0.063 01X85。
    实证总评分:按X2-1气滞证、X2-2血瘀证、X2-3实热证、X2-4水湿证,GI实证总=0.054 65X2-1+0.012 37X2-2 +0.261 61X2-3+0.56X2-4 
    虚证总评分:按X3-1气虚证、X3-2血虚证、X3-3阴虚证、X3-4阳虚证,GI虚证总= 0.076 08X3-1+0.201 29X3-2 +0.201 29X3-3+0.521 34X3-4
    证候总评分:按X4-1实证总评分、X4-2虚证总评分,GI证候总=0.5X4-1+0.5X4-2。
2.2 以证候为内容的原发性肝癌疗效综合评价层次分析模型可靠性临床验证
2.2.1 证候总评分与肿瘤轻重程度评分直线回归分析
 肿瘤轻重程度评分参考2001年9月中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会广州会议制订的原发性肝癌肿瘤分期标准12 ,去掉了有关Child分级的内容,共分5个级别,按100 mm刻度法由轻到重分别赋分10、30、50、70和90 mm。肿瘤轻重程度评分与证候总评分直线回归分析结果见表1。散点图呈直线趋势,相关系数(r)=0.306,决定系数(r2)=0.094,回归系数t检验的t=4.519,P<0.001。可认为肿瘤轻重程度评分与证候总评分有直线关系。直线回归方程为:y=50.607+0.916X。其标准化残差的最大绝对值为1.359,没超过2,在允许范围内,故未发现特异值。总体回归系数95%的可信区间为0.516~1.316。

表1 证候总评分与肿瘤轻重程度评分直线回归分析
Table 1  Linear regression between cancer severity score and syndrome score

Model Unstandardized coefficients Standardized coefficients t Sig.

95% confidence interval for B

B Std.error Beta Lower bound Upper bound
1(constant) 50.607 3.177 15.927 0.000 44.341 56.873
Score of syndrome 0.916 0.203 0.306 4.519 0.000 0.516 1.316
Dependent variable: score of cancer.
    
2.2.2 证候总评分与Child分级Spearman分析 证候总评分与Child分级Spearman分析结果见表2。表中显示:Spearman等级相关系数为0.320,P<0.001。按P=0.01水准,拒绝无效假设,故可认为Child分级与证候总分之间存在正相关。    

表2 证候总评分与Child 分级Spearman分析
Table 2  Spearman correlation analysis of syndrome score and Child-up

 

 

 

Child-up

Score of syndrome

Spearman’s rho

Child-up

Correlation coefficient

1.000

0.320**

 

 

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000

 

 

N

201

201

 

Score of syndrome

Correlation coefficient

0.320**

1.000

 

 

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000

 

 

N

201

202

Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
    
2.2.3 证候总评分与卡氏评分直线回归分析 证候总评分与卡氏评分直线回归分析结果见表3。散点图呈直线趋势,相关系数(r)=-0.320,决定系数(r2)=0.102,回归系数t检验的t=-4.762,P<0.001,可认为Karnofsky评分与患者证候总评分有直线关系。直线回归方程为:=86.726-0.641X。其标准化残差的最大绝对值为1.848,没超过2,在允许范围内,故未发现特异值。总体回归系数95%的可信区间为-0.907~-0.376。

表3 证候总评分与卡氏评分直线回归分析
Table 3  Linear regression between the Karnofsky score and syndrome score

Model Unstandardized coefficients Standardized coefficients t Sig. 95% confidence interval for B
B Std. error Beta Lower bound Upper bound
1 (constant) 86.726 2.104   41.216 0.000 82.577 90.876
Score of syndrome -0.641 0.135 -0.320 -4.762 0.000 -0.907 -0.376
Dependent variable: Karnofsky score.

2.2.4 证候总评分与肿瘤分期Spearman等级相关分析 证候总评分与肿瘤分期Spearman等级相关分析结果见表4。Spearman等级相关系数为0.350,P<0.01。按P=0.01水准,拒绝无效假设,故可认为肿瘤分期与证候总分之间存在正相关。
     
表4 证候总评分与肿瘤分期Spearman等级相关分析
Table 4  Spearman correlation analysis of syndrome score and staging of cancer

 

 

 

 

Staging of cancer

Spearman's rho

 

Correlation coefficient

1.000

0.350**

 

Staging of cancer

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000

 

 

N

200

200

 

 

Correlation coefficient

0.350**

1.000

 

Score of syndrome

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.000

 

 

N

200

202

Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).    

2.2.5 证候总评分与生存质量 直线回归分析证候总评分与生存质量直线回归分析结果见表5。生存质量评分(`x±s)=95.46±20.19,证候总评分(`x±s)=6.063±3.762。散点图呈直线趋势,相关系数(r)=0.727,决定系数(r2)=0.528,回归系数t检验的t值=9.229,P<0.001,可认为生存质量与证候总评分有直线关系。直线回归方程为:=71.812+3.901 x。标准化残差的最大绝对值为2.772,没超过3,在允许范围内,故未发现特异值。总体回归系数95%的可信区间为3.059~4.743。

表5 证候总评分与生存质量直线回归分析
Table 5  Linear regression between quality of life assessment and syndrome score

Model Unstandardized coefficients Standardized coefficients t Sig. 95% confidence interval for B
B Std. error Beta Lower bound Upper bound
1 (constant) 71.812 3.011   23.853 0.000 65.816 77.808
Score of syndrome 3.901 0.423 0.727 9.229 0.000 3.059 4.743
Dependent variable: the quality of life assessment.
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3  讨  论
       在中医文献中,肝癌属于“肥气”、“积聚”、“肝积”等范畴。从分析古代文献看,中医对肝癌的治疗有一个不断发展的过程,包括部位的确立、性质的认定,以及益气、活血软坚及解毒法在肝癌治疗中的应用,都是在不同的历史时期逐步建立与发展起来的。但由于历史的局限性,其临床疗效评价也多以患者自我感觉为主。但患者的自我感觉对病情轻重评价往往是不可靠的。现在临床上对原发性肝癌疗效的评价,西医相对较为规范,如近期疗效多围绕肿瘤进行评价21~22,远期疗效多选择生存期23~24与生存质量25~31。现在中医界也多用西医的评价方法、指标对中医中药疗效进行评价32~33。当然许多指标是中西医可以共用的,如生存期分析、生存质量评价。但考虑到中医的特点是辨证论治,临床治疗多以证候为核心,如何体现中医治疗目标(证候)与结果(肿瘤缩小、生命延长、症状改善等)的相关性,是中医需要面对的难题34~36
       为此自2004年1月开始,我们进行了从理论到实践的科研设计,并首先对肝癌基本证候诊断规范进行了研究37。自2004年6月开始,我们以100 mm刻度法及综合评价层次分析法19为数学工具,以“综合集成研讨厅”为重要研讨方式,对原发性肝癌中医疗效评价体系的构建进行了探索研究。共取57个中医症状为底层指标,以8个基本证候及实证、虚证为第二层、第三层次指标,以证候总评价为顶层指标,初步构建了以证候为内容的原发性肝癌综合疗效评价方法及指标体系。自2005年1月起在临床上与西医的肿瘤轻重程度评分、卡氏评分、肿瘤分期、Child分级及生存质量等进行了相关性对比研究。
       研究结果显示:在以证候为内容的中医疗效评价体系中,证候总评分是能够反映肿瘤进展情况、患者肝功能变化及卡氏评分的综合指标,证候总评分与患者的生存质量有较强相关性。因此证候总评分是可以反映病情轻重变化的综合指标。与现有的国内疗效评价体系比较,该评价体系对证候的评价较为完善,体现了中医治疗目的与结果直接相关。因此该评价体系是一个适用性较强、能体现中医特点的原发性肝癌临床疗效综合评价体系。
       在我们的研究中用到两种重要数学方法,100 mm刻度法与层次分析法。在症状轻重评价中我们引用国外西医处理症状的量化方法100 mm刻度法,又称严重度法。研究者告诉患者症状严重度由左至右逐渐加重,范围为100 mm,患者可根据自己对症状的感受在适当的点上选择。因为是患者自己的体会,因此相对客观,而且又避免了以往等级计数资料无法进行计量资料统计的弊端,使肝癌中医临床疗效评价真正走向量化统计的模式。综合评价的层次分析法由美国科学家T.L. Satty于20世纪70年代提出,是用系统分析的方法,对评价对象依评价目的所确定的总评价目标进行连续性分解,得到各级(各层)评价目标,并以最下层作为衡量目标达到程度的评价指标,然后依据这些指标计算出一综合评价指数对评价对象的总评价目标进行评价,依其大小来确定评价对象的优劣程度。在这里,我们先对底层的症状按100 mm刻度法及症状分级赋分法进行量化,上面的每一层项目都赋予权重,最后形成证候总评分进行评价。我们的研究证明,这个模型是成功的。
       中医的发展模式是以经验为基础,以规则(如阴阳、五行、五脏系统等)为核心,通过经验——规则——临床验证——更新经验——更新规则这样循环往复、自我组织的过程不断完善与发展起来的,中医疾病治疗模式的演变也是由简单到复杂的过程,中医学属于复杂性系统科学范畴38~40。从复杂性科学角度看,人体是开放、自组织、自调节、自稳态、自适应的复杂性巨系统38, 41~43。中医证候极其复杂,可以有许多不同因素的组合结构,这也是疾病多样性的一种体现,因此我们的研究模式也应该适应面对的客体。
       我们可以根据中医经验医学的特点,应用复杂性科学的“从定性到定量的综合集成研讨厅”的研讨方式13-15, 38, 42~43,重视中医文献挖掘整理、重视专家经验及判断力,密切与临床结合,从理论与经验性假设(猜想或判断)出发,通过临床与数理统计,从而达到运用中医指标进行临床疗效量化评价的目标。

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