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Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine Free Full Text
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Original Clinical Research
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine: Volume 6   April, 2008   Number 4

DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080406
Investigation of gene expression profiles in patients with blood stasis syndrome
1. Xiao-juan MA (Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China )
2. Hui-jun YIN (Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China E-mail: huijunyin@yahoo.com.cn)
3. Ke-ji CHEN (Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China )

Objective: To investigate the differential gene expression profiles in patients with blood stasis syndrome by oligonucleotide microarray technique.

Methods: Sixteen patients with blood stasis syndrome were divided into patients with coronary heart disease (CAD) (n=8) and non-CAD patients (n=8) by using coronary angiography. The sex- and age-matched eight healthy persons were enrolled as control group. Venous bloods were collected for extracting RNA. Test-3 chip was first employed to examine the quality of samples. Then the samples were hybridized with Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 array to compare the gene expression profiles among the three groups. Gene-array scanner and gene chip operating software were applied to screen hybridization signals and analyze gene expression respectively. Based on the comparison of the three groups of samples, the differential genes related with blood stasis syndrome were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway, and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: Forty-eight differential genes were found being associated with blood stasis syndrome, including 26 up-regulated genes and 22 down-regulated genes. Five of the forty-eight genes (10.4%) were related to inflammatory reaction and immune response through the GO analysis. In the pathway analysis, five of ten significant pathways were referred to inflammation and immune response. The results of real-time RT-PCR proved the accuracy of the gene chip.

Conclusion: Inflammatory- and immune-related genes have a remarkable predominance in blood stasis syndrome gene expression profiles, which may explain the function of inflammation and immune response in the occurrence and development of blood stasis syndrome.

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Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Chen KJ. J Chin Integr Med/Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2008; 6(4): 355-360. Received November 26, 2007; published online April 15, 2008. Free full text (PDF) is available at www.jcimjournal.com. Indexed/abstracted in and full text link-out at PubMed. Forward linking and reference linking via CrossRef. DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080406

Correspondence: Hui-jun YIN, MD, Professor; Tel: 010-62874093; E-mail: huijunyin@yahoo.com.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重大研究计划重点项目(No. 90409021)

 

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     关于瘀血,早在《内经》中就有恶血留血血凝泣的记载,现代研究认为,瘀血可分为瘀滞内结之血、离经之血和污秽之血,而污秽之血按其来源又可分为外源性(是指生物性致病因素和理化因素所致)、内源性(是由于重要脏器衰竭引起自身代谢产物的堆积)和复合性(是指外源性与内源性因素并存)1,可见瘀血作为一种病因和病理产物有其发生和存在的物质基础,而近年关于瘀血的基础研究主要集中在炎症、免疫、血流动力学、血小板功能和微循环等方面。血瘀证可见于多种疾病,是一种综合性病理状态,形成机制非常复杂,虽然形成过程不尽相同,但却存在着共同的病理特点。近年血瘀证客观化研究发现,不同疾病过程中血瘀证的相关指标也存在一定程度上类似的变化趋势,这种相似性说明不同疾病血瘀证必然存在着共同的物质基础。本研究应用高通量的寡核苷酸芯片技术,在全基因组水平对冠心病(coronary heart disease, CAD)血瘀证患者、非冠心病血瘀证患者和健康对照者的基因表达谱进行检测,构建血瘀证差异基因表达谱,旨在揭示与血瘀证发生发展相关的病理机制,为证的实质研究奠定一定分子生物学基础。

 
   

1   资料与方法
1.1   临床资料   16例实验组病例均来源于北京西苑医院门诊及住院病人,分为冠心病血瘀证组(8例)和非冠心病血瘀证组(8例)。参照1979年世界卫生组织临床命名标准化联合专题组报告缺血性心脏病的命名及诊断制定入选标准2:经选择性冠状动脉造影术判断至少有1处狭窄50%以上;血瘀证诊断参照中国中西医结合学会活血化瘀专业委员会制定的血瘀证诊断标准2,且由3名中医医师盲诊,辨证一致为血瘀证者入选。经冠状动脉造影证实为冠心病且辨证为血瘀症的患者入选冠心病血瘀证组,经冠状动脉造影未证实冠心病的血瘀证患者入选非冠心病血瘀证组。病例排除标准为年龄在35岁以下或75岁以上;急性心肌梗死患者;合并1型糖尿病;高血压病3期、高血压急症;心功能3级等。正常对照组(8例)为年龄和性别相匹配的健康个体,并经病史调查、体检、心电图及胸透等检查排除心血管疾病病史,均为北京西苑医院体检中心及本院职工体检者。以上入选对象,均为无血缘关系的汉族人,告知实验内容及目的并签署知情同意书。
1.2   实验方法
1.2.1   芯片质控   本实验选用美国Affymetrix公司生产的Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0芯片,该芯片一共有54 614个探针组,分析47 000个转录体和变异体,其中包括了可能的38 500个已知基因;并在正式基因芯片杂交实验前选用Affymetrix芯片系列中的质控芯片Test3预杂交进行质控,对样品RNA的质量及荧光标记量提前做一个判断,防止样品与全基因组芯片杂交时由于样品质量不好而造成实验结果不可靠。
1.2.2   探针制备   每例受试者采血4 ml,用淋巴细胞分离液法分离白细胞,按TrizolTRIzol Reagent, Invitrogen Life Technologies, P/N 15596-018)一步法抽提总RNA,采用NucleoSpin RNA Clean-upMN,740.948.10)试剂盒进行过柱纯化,GeneChip IVT Labeling Kit 进行生物素标记,凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度计进行定性和定量检测,并进一步将探针片断化。
1.2.3   芯片杂交、清洗、染色和扫描   片断化后的探针先与质控芯片Test3进行杂交,确认探针质量可靠后再与U133 Plus 2.0芯片进行杂交,在杂交炉(Affymetrix Hybridization Oven 640)中45 ℃杂交16 h,然后于Affymetrix Fluidics Station 450工作站中洗脱、染色,再用Affymetrix GeneChip Scanner 3000 进行探针阵列扫描。
1.2.4   数据处理和生物信息学分析   芯片扫描后,用Affymetrix Genechip Operating Software Version 1.4进行信号值提取、归一化处理及芯片间比较分析,根据ratio值筛选差异基因。冠心病血瘀证组和非冠心病血瘀证组分别与正常对照组比较,共同的差异基因为血瘀证相关差异基因。通过http://www. gosurfer.org网站进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology, GO)分析3,找到每一个差异基因的分子功能、生物学途径和细胞组件,结合疾病病理生理过程进一步回归临床,筛选血瘀证相关的差异基因。通过http://www. biorag.org网站找到每一个差异基因所在通路,并利用超几何分布统计学方法4,5分析通路结果,通过P值(P<0.05)来判断通路显著性,筛选有意义的目标通路。
1.2.5   实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应验证基因芯片检测的可靠性   在差异基因中选择表达差异倍数(fold change)较大和较小的6条基因进行实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)验证。分别取冠心病血瘀证组、非冠心病血瘀证组和健康对照组样本抽提总RNA,经甲醛变性胶检测后,进一步进行基因组DNA消化,以特异引物进行反转录,确认不变的看家基因,然后对测试基因进行PCR扩增,通过看家基因归一化得到靶基因的变化趋势,验证基因芯片检测的可靠性。
1.3   统计学方法   采用SPSS 11.5分析软件进行统计分析,计数资料用卡方检验和秩和检验,计量资料用单因素方差分析,P0.05被认为具有统计学意义。

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2     
2.1   临床结果   3组研究对象在年龄、性别、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史及冠心病相关家族史方面比较,差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者的血瘀证积分及相关病史情况也相匹配。见表1
    

1   3组临床资料

Table 1   Clinical characteristics of three groups    

Items

CAD patients with blood
stasis syndrome (n=8)

Non-CAD patients with blood
stasis syndrome (n=8)

Healthy control
subjects (n=8)

Age*(years)

53 (48-69)

60 (43-71)

57 (37-63)

Sex (male/female)

7/1

7/1

7/1

BMI (`x±s, kg/m2)

25.29±3.31

24.48±4.01

24.64±1.70

Smoking (cases)

5

4

2

Drinking (cases)

2

3

3

Family history of CAD (cases)

6

3

3

Accumulated score of blood stasis syndrome (`x±s)

26.63±5.24

22.88±6.58

-

Hypertension (cases)

5

6

-

Dyslipidemia (cases)

3

4

-

Diabetes (case)

1

1

-

*Data expressed as median (minimum to maximum).
    
2.2
   实验结果
2.2.1   芯片质控
   RNA样品电泳条带清晰,核糖体RNAribosomal RNA, rRNA)的亚基(subunit, S)检测28 S18 S条带亮度接近21,紫外分光光度计检测rRNA 260280 nm波长的吸光度(absorbance, A)A260/A280=1.8~2.1,质量符合表达谱芯片实验要求。见图1Test3芯片与探针杂交扫描结果显示,芯片正中清晰可见,外围连线清楚,明暗交替规律,进一步通过信号分析发现管家基因均表达,说明RNA样品质量可靠。见图2U133 Plus 2.0芯片与探针杂交扫描结果显示,芯片中上部清晰呈现阵列的名称“GeneChip HG-U133 Plus 2”,平均背景值与噪音值均在正常范围,管家基因β-actin和磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH3’端与5’端信号比值符合标准,芯片质控良好。
    

1   冠心病血瘀证组RNA电泳结果   

Figure 1   Electrophoresis results of rRNA in CAD patients with blood stasis syndrome
Samples one to five are the random samples picked from RNA pool in CAD patients with blood stasis syndrome. Ratio of electrophoresis band brightness between 28 S rRNA and 18 S rRNA is close to 2
1.

2   非冠心病血瘀证组探针与检测芯片杂交的扫描结果   

Figure 2   Hybridization result of gene chip test3 with probe in non-CAD patients with blood stasis syndrome

 

2.2.2   血瘀证相关差异基因   按照单通道芯片差异基因的筛选原则,分别筛选与冠心病血瘀证和非冠心病血瘀证相关的差异基因,两者共同的部分认为是与血瘀证相关的差异基因。共筛选出48个血瘀证相关差异基因,其中上调基因26个,下调基因22个。通过GO分析发现,分子功能和生物学途径与炎症免疫反应相关的差异基因最多,共有5个,占10.4%。见表2

 

2   与血瘀证相关涉及炎症免疫反应的差异基因

Table 2   Differential genes of blood stasis syndrome related with immune response and inflammation    

Gene ID

Gene Title

Fold change* 1

Fold change* 2

M16276

Major histocompatibility complex, class II

2.50

2.19

AF043337

Interleukin-8

2.46

2.52

AW007751

T cell receptor alpha locus

2.08

2.67

NM_002261

Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C

2.50

2.60

W68403

Integrin, beta 2

2.55

2.29

*Fold change is the expression ratio of gene transcription between experimental sample and the control.

 

2.2.3   通路分析通   KEGG GenesGenMAPP GenesBiocarta Genes数据库6,查询血瘀证相关差异基因的通路,并利用超几何分布统计学方法分析通路显著性,发现有意义(P<0.05)的相关通路共10个,其中有5个涉及炎症和免疫反应,分别是自然杀伤细胞介导的细胞毒作用(natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityP<0.001),B细胞受体信号通路(B cell receptor signaling pathwayP<0.001),抗原修饰和呈递(antigen processing and presentationP<0.001),T细胞受体信号通路(T cell receptor signaling pathwayP=0.014),细胞黏附分子(cell adhesion moleculesP=0.029)。
2.2.4   实时荧光定量RT-PCR结果   进行实时荧光定量RT-PCR验证,结果显示:6个基因(PRKCB1IL8FCGR3AHLA-DQB1FOLR3PTGDS)的差异倍数与基因芯片检测结果不完全相同,但变化方向均一致,证明基因芯片结果准确可靠。见图3
    

     
   

3   基因芯片检测结果与实时荧光定量RT-PCR验证结果的比较

Figure 3   Comparison between gene chip results and real-time RT-PCR identification
The fold changes of 6 genes are not exactly identical, but the changing tendency are consistent between gene chip results and real-time RT-PCR identification.

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3     

        血瘀证可见于多种疾病,属于一种综合性病理状态,是近年来中医学和中西医结合研究中较为活跃的领域,大量病证结合研究表明,血瘀证在血液流变学、血小板功能、血管内皮损伤、微循环障碍、炎症反应、免疫调节等方面与疾病的发生发展密切相关7

        现代医学的炎症是指组织细胞发生形态结构不同程度的损伤、充血、肿胀、渗出、变性、血管破坏坏死或增生栓塞、局部缺血和缺氧伴有代谢机能改变、循环障碍、血流变异等过程。近年来,大量实验研究发现,以上许多过程都与血瘀证有着密切的关系,在不同疾病过程中,发挥着致病作用的炎性因子如C反应蛋白、血清白细胞介素6interleukin-6, IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子等都在一定程度上参与了血瘀证的发生发展;而活血化瘀法在炎症性疾病的治疗中也发挥着重要的作用;炎性因子介导的炎症血瘀证动物模型也从不同侧面体现了血瘀证与炎症的密切相关性8

        血瘀证的发生发展与血小板活化与聚集、血栓形成、血液流变性和血流动力等的改变相关,而以上这些生物学过程与炎症免疫反应之间存在着普遍而多样化的联系。有临床研究表明,高胆固醇患者辛伐他汀治疗组和小剂量阿司匹林治疗组均出现IL-1β水平的减少,并表现出了P-选择素水平的降低,提示辛伐他汀和小剂量阿司匹林治疗在减少IL-1β的同时,也降低了血小板的活化程度9IL-1是免疫和炎症反应中的重要因子,其中起主要作用的是IL-1β,其能够通过诱导白细胞黏附,介导白细胞向组织浸润,从而引起炎症反应10。而P-选择素是一种黏附分子,主要由内皮细胞分泌以维持基础水平,而超过基线水平P-选择素的升高则主要与血小板活化相关,假性血管性血友病因子水平没有变化,排除了内皮细胞分泌增多导致的P-选择素增加,进一步说明P-选择素水平的升高是由于血小板活化11。在高胆固醇状态下,血小板很可能是IL-1β增多的一个潜在因素,IL-1β可以激活单核细胞和内皮细胞,以发挥其促凝血活性,因此血小板源IL-1β的减少可以在一定程度上减轻前血栓状态,提示了炎症和血栓形成之间的相关性。CD40配体(CD40 ligand, CD40L)最初在T细胞中被发现,通过与B细胞上的受体作用参与免疫反应,后发现其广泛存在于内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和单核细胞中,并在一定程度上介导了炎症反应。有研究显示,糖蛋白(glycoprotein, GPIIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂不仅直接抑制血小板的聚集,并且通过减少CD40L的释放,从而抑制炎症反应和血栓的形成,说明血小板高聚集状态与前炎状态存在一定的相关性12。机体细胞表面具有多种免疫球蛋白Fc段的受体(Fc receptor, FcR),FcRFc段结合参与免疫球蛋白介导的生理功能和病理过程13FcR具有介导吞噬细胞黏附和吞噬的作用,能产生脱颗粒反应、氧化爆发、抗体介导的细胞毒作用等效应,并可引起炎症介质如溶酶体酶、肿瘤坏死因子、IL-2IL-6的产生和释放。Fcγ受体(Fc γ receptorFcγR)可完整构成几种FcR的一个部分,其与GP VI共同表达,并且形成血小板的一个胶原受体,实验研究表明,FcγR敲除的小鼠体内由于缺乏GP VI,表现为血小板不能被胶原所活化14。可见,胶原激起的血小板活化过程与免疫受体的作用密切相关。以上研究表明,炎症免疫反应与血瘀证相关的血小板活化、聚集及血栓形成等方面存在着密切的联系。

        本项研究通过对冠心病血瘀证、非冠心病血瘀证和正常对照者基因表达谱的分析,从基因水平探索了血瘀证的形成机制,构建了血瘀证差异基因表达谱,为建立血瘀证基因诊断奠定了基础;并进一步通过数据挖掘和对基因芯片筛选出的相关差异基因的分子功能及生物学通路的分析,从核酸水平揭示了血瘀证发生发展与炎症免疫反应的相关性,为血瘀证证候实质研究作了有益的探索。我们在总结血瘀证发生的基因组学特征的同时,尚需进一步进行蛋白质组学的平行研究,以求为证候实质研究提供完整的分子生物学证据。

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References
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