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Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
On-line version ISSN 1414-431X
Braz J Med Biol Res vol.36 no.8 Ribeirão Preto Aug. 2003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2003000800015
Braz J Med Biol Res, August 2003, Volume 36(8) 1079-1089
Decorin is one of the proteoglycans expressed in Walker 256 rat mammary carcinoma
S.M. Oba-Shinjo, A.G.A. Berto, C.C. Passerotti, C.D. Barbosa and L.O. Sampaio
Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Abstract
Proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan content was analyzed in a model of rat mammary carcinoma to study the roles of these compounds in tumorigenesis. Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans bearing chondroitin and/or dermatan sulfate chains were detected in solid tumors obtained after subcutaneous inoculation of Walker 256 rat carcinoma cells. About 10% of sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains corresponded to heparan sulfate. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan, decorin, was identified as one of the proteoglycans, in addition to others of higher molecular weight, by cross-reaction with an antiserum raised against pig laryngeal decorin and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Decorin was separated from other proteoglycans by hydrophobic chromatography and its complete structure was determined. It has a molecular weight of about 85 kDa and a dermatan chain of 45 kDa with 4-sulfated disaccharides. After degradation of the glycosaminoglycan chain, three core proteins of different molecular weight (36, 46 and 56 kDa) were identified. The presence of hyaluronic acid and decorin has been reported in a variety of tumors and tumor cells. In the Walker 256 mammary carcinoma model, hyaluronic acid may play an important role in tumor progression, since it provides a more hydrated extracellular matrix. On the other hand, decorin, which is expressed by stromal cells, represents a host defense response to tumor growth.
Key words: Proteoglycan, Glycosaminoglycan, Walker 256 tumor, Carcinoma
Proteoglycans are complex macromolecules composed of a protein core to which at least one glycosaminoglycan chain is covalently linked. They are ubiquitous molecules and may be localized inside the cells, on the cell surface, or within the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans also have a variety of functions in physiological and pathological conditions.
During tumor development, many alterations may occur in the composition of proteoglycans in the tissue. The main alteration is an increase in chondroitin sulfate (CS) content (1). Many different proteoglycans bearing CS chains have been described, such as the basal membrane proteoglycan perlecan (2), the high molecular weight proteoglycan versican/PG-M (3,4) and the small extracellular proteoglycan decorin (5), amongst others.
Decorin is a key regulator of extracellular matrix assembly and is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family (6). There is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting an important role of decorin in cell proliferation. Overexpression of decorin leads to growth inhibition in a variety of cell types (7,8). Decorin may also play an important role in tumorigenesis, since not only does decorin expression decrease in various tumor cell types (9), but secretion of decorin by peritumoral stroma of colon cancer is also increased (10). This may represent a defense mechanism of the tumor stroma designed to counterbalance the invasive tumor cells.
Walker 256 is a rat cell lineage of mammary carcinoma discovered and isolated by George Walker in 1928 (11). Fiszer-Szafars and Giullino (12) observed the presence of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the interstitial fluid of this tumor. This in vivo animal model of neoplastic development, the Walker 256 mammary carcinoma, was used in the present study to analyze the compositions of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan. We confirmed that HA is present in this tumor and demonstrated that the small proteoglycan decorin is one of the proteoglycan expressed. Both HA and decorin are probably synthesized by stromal cells trying to defend the host against tumor cell growth.
Materials
Guanidine hydrochlorate (GuaHCl), benzamidine HCl, a-aminocaproic acid, iodoacetamide, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, HA (bovine trachea), chondroitinase ABC (Proteus vulgaris), deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I, and DEAE-cellulose were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-rabbit IgG, biotinylated whole goat streptavidin horseradish-peroxidase, Sepharose CL-4B and Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B were purchased from Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). Chondroitinase AC II (Arthrobacter aurenses) and standard glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate, DS) were from Seikagaku Kogyo Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Heparan sulfate (HS) was prepared as described previously (13). The polyclonal antibody used was raised against pig laryngeal cartilage decorin (14). Tumoral cells of the Walker 256 strain or rat mammary carcinoma were a gift from Dr. Ovideo Rettori, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. White male 3- to 5-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for all the experiments.
Tumors
Tumor cells were grown in the ascitic and solid forms. Ascitic tumor was obtained by intraperitoneal inoculation of 40 million cells diluted in PBS. After 4 days, cells were removed from the peritoneal cavity by aspiration of ascitic fluid and diluted in PBS, and the number of neoplastic cells was determined.
Solid tumor was obtained by four subcutaneous inoculations of 4 million tumor cells into the dorsal region of male rats. After 7 days, animals bearing tumors were sacrificed and tumors were removed. Metabolic radiolabeling of tumors was performed by intraperitoneal injections of 2 mCi [35S]-sulfate (IPEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), 6 h before sacrifice.
Isolation of glycosaminoglycans
Tumors were ground with 10 volumes of acetone and after standing overnight at -20ºC the mixture was centrifuged. One gram of the dried precipitate was then resuspended in 10 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, containing 0.15 M NaCl and 2 mg/ml maxatase (Biocon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). The mixture was incubated overnight at 50ºC and centrifuged. NaCl and trichloroacetic acid were added to the supernatant up to 1 M and 10% of the final concentration, respectively, and the precipitate which formed was removed by centrifugation. Glycosaminoglycans in the supernatant were precipitated with 2 volumes of ethanol (-20ºC, 24 h). The ethanol precipitate collected by centrifugation was dried and incubated with DNase I in 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 6.0, for 18 h at 37ºC. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of glycosaminoglycans were performed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Isolation of proteoglycans
Proteoglycans were extracted from diced solid tumor tissue in a dissociative solution containing 4 M GuaHCl in 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 6.0, proteinase inhibitors (100 mM a-aminocaproic acid, 6.5 mM benzamidine HCl, 5.5 mM iodoacetamide, and 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 ml/g of tissue). The homogenate was centrifuged and the precipitation step was repeated. Both supernatant solutions were precipitated with 2 volumes of ethanol. The supernatant was removed by centrifugation and excess ethanol was evaporated to dryness. The ethanol precipitates were re-dissolved in 6 M urea buffered with 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, and ultracentrifuged (100,000 g, 30 min, 4ºC) before being submitted to ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
Ion-exchange chromatography
The solution containing proteoglycans in 6 M urea buffered with 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, added to DEAE-cellulose (0.1 ml/g wet tissue) was submitted to gentle shaking. After 12 h at 4ºC the resin was packed into a glass chromatography column and washed with 30 volumes of 6 M urea. Elution was performed in Tris-buffered urea containing 0.2 M NaCl (30 volumes) and 2 M NaCl (5 volumes). Proteoglycans (radioactivity) were eluted with the second eluate and then dialyzed against distilled water and lyophilized.
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
Materials eluted with 2 M NaCl from DEAE-cellulose were added to Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B (0.5 ml/g wet tissue), previously equilibrated with 0.15 M sodium acetate, pH 6.3, containing 1 M GuaHCl, for 12 h at 4ºC. Resin was packed in a glass chromatography column and washed with 5 volumes of 0.15 M sodium acetate, pH 6.3, containing 1 M GuaHCl (fraction Oc-1M) and eluted with 5 volumes of 0.15 M sodium acetate, pH 6.3, containing 6 M GuaHCl (fraction Oc-6M). Both Oc-1M and Oc-6M were dialyzed exhaustively against distilled water, lyophilized and resuspended in 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.8, containing 4 M GuaHCl.
Size-exclusion chromatography
Fractions obtained by Octyl-Sepharose chromatography, Oc-1M and Oc-6M, were further chromatographed separately on Sepharose CL-4B columns (112 x 1.5 cm) equilibrated and eluted with 4 M GuaHCl and 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.8, at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The effluent collected (2 ml) was monitored at 280 nm and an aliquot was used to determine the amount of radioactivity. Fractions containing proteoglycans were pooled, dialyzed against distilled water, and lyophilized.
Agarose gel electrophoresis
Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans were identified and quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis in 50 mM 1,3-diaminopropane buffer, pH 9.0, by the method of Dietrich and Dietrich (15). Electrophoresis was performed for about 1 h at 100 V and compounds were precipitated in the gel with 0.1% Cetavlon (N-acetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide) for at least 2 h. The gel was dried and stained with 0.1% toluidine blue in 1% acetic acid and 50% ethanol. For HA visualization, the gel was stained with 0.1% toluidine blue in 25 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. Glycosaminoglycan identification was based on the migration of the compounds compared to standards. Quantification was carried out by densitometry at 530 nm, with the error of the method being about 5%. Gel slices were cut and counted in scintillation liquid for identification of [35S]-sulfate-radiolabeled proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan.
Preparative gel electrophoresis was performed as a last proteoglycan purification step. Different proteoglycans were separated according to their differential electrophoretic mobility. Agarose gel was cut and the gel containing proteoglycans was eluted by centrifugation after freezing and thawing the agarose gel.
SDS-PAGE
Electrophoresis for protein analysis was carried out on 6% polyacrylamide gels containing SDS. Protein bands were detected by silver staining (16), Coomassie blue R-250 staining, or with specific antibodies by immunoblotting, while glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan were stained with toluidine blue.
Immunoblotting
Proteoglycans electrophoresed on agarose gel were transferred to nitrocellulose sheets by diffusion, while materials on polyacrylamide gels were electrotransferred to nitrocellulose sheets. Decorin antiserum (anti-pig cartilage decorin) was used at 1:5,000 dilution. Bound antibodies were localized with a biotin-conjugated second antibody (1:10,000) and peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (1:10,000).
Characterization of proteoglycans
Samples of the protein cores were prepared by digesting the proteoglycan (10 µg) with chondroitinase ABC (0.2 mU/µg proteoglycan) in 100 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM sodium fluoride, containing the mixture of protease inhibitors described earlier at pH 7.3, for 18 h at 37°C.
Relative size and electrophoretic migration of glycosaminoglycan chains attached to the proteoglycan were determined after alkaline ß-elimination (0.5 M NaOH, 1 M NaBH4, 50°C, 16 h). Solutions were neutralized with acetic acid, dialyzed against distilled water and lyophilized.
The relative contents of disaccharides of the glycosaminoglycan chains were determined by descending paper chromatography after chondroitinase B, AC and ABC treatment. About 20 µg of proteoglycan were incubated with 15 mU of enzyme for 18 h in 10 mM Tris-acetate buffer, pH 7.5, at room temperature (chondroitinase B), or in 50 mM Tris-acetate buffer, pH 8.0, at 37°C (chondroitinase AC and ABC).
The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein core was determined with an automatic protein and peptide sequencer (model ABI 476A, Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA, USA).
Analytical procedures
Protein content was determined by the method of Spector (17) using Coomassie blue G-250, with bovine serum albumin as standard.
Glycosaminoglycan contents of Walker 256 tumor
Solid Walker 256 tumor was shown to contain glycosaminoglycans by agarose gel electrophoresis. The major sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains had an intermediate migration between DS and CS shown by toluidine blue staining (Figure 1C) and by [35S]-sulfate-incorporated glycosaminoglycan (Figure 1B). It corresponded to about 90% of total sulfated glycosaminoglycan in the tissue (Table 1). The remaining 10% sulfated glycosaminoglycan corresponded to HS. Additionally, a large amount of HA was also observed (Figure 1A,C).
| | Figure 1. Glycosaminoglycan composition of Walker 256 carcinoma. About 10 µg glycosaminoglycan obtained after Walker 256 carcinoma (WK) proteolysis was applied to an agarose gel slab in 50 mM Tris-acetate buffer, pH 8.0 (A), or in 50 mM 1,3-propylenediamine-acetate buffer, pH 9.0 (C), and subjected to electrophoresis at 4ºC. B, Autoradiography of the agarose gel electrophoresis presented in panel A. Glycosaminoglycan chains were visualized after fixation with Cetavlon, drying and staining with toluidine blue. Quantification was performed by densitometry and results are reported in Table 1. CS, chondroitin sulfate; DS, dermatan sulfate; HA, hyaluronic acid; HS, heparan sulfate; S, standard sulfated glycosaminoglycan. |
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Proteoglycan purification
Proteoglycans were extracted from solid tumors of Walker 256 rat carcinoma and subsequently purified for analysis of the proteoglycans that could be bearing CS/DS chains. Proteoglycans were extracted from tissue with 4 M GuaHCl and submitted to DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and then to Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography. Analysis of the hydrophobic fractions by agarose gel electrophoresis showed separation of the fraction which interacts with Octyl-Sepharose, corresponding to about 30% of total sulfated glycosaminoglycan (Oc-6M). The other fraction, which did not interact with Octyl-Sepharose (Oc-1M), was composed of bands with different electrophoretic mobility, possibly representing different proteoglycans. Fraction Oc-6M showed a single proteoglycan band, while fraction Oc-1M seemed to consist of a mixture of proteoglycans, since more than one band was observed following electrophoretic separation on agarose gel (Figure 2). Both fractions were rechromatographed separately on Sepharose CL-4B columns (Figure 3). The two fractions have the same kav (0.44), although fraction Oc-1M has a wider elution profile, indicating that there is more than one component, as shown previously in Figure 2. These proteoglycans might have different molecular weights. A pool of the Oc-6M fraction was submitted to preparative agarose gel electrophoresis for further characterization.
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Characterization of proteoglycan Oc-6M
Fraction proteoglycan Oc-6M was analyzed before and after alkaline ß-elimination by agarose (Figure 4A) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Figure 4B). Free glycosaminoglycan chains showed intermediate agarose electrophoretic migration between CS and DS standards, and a molecular weight of about 45 kDa. Intact proteoglycan had an 85-kDa molecular weight and electrophoretic migration similar to that of standard HS on agarose gel. Yet, this proteoglycan cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against pig laryngeal cartilage decorin (Figure 4C).
Proteoglycan Oc-6M was incubated with chondroitinase for analysis of glycosaminoglycan structure and was found to be partially degraded by chondroitinase AC and totally degraded by chondroitinase ABC (Figure 5). Only 4-sulfated disaccharides were present in the structure. After incubation with chondroitinase B, which degrades only the ß(1 ®4) linkage between acid N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and L-iduronic acid, only small amounts of 4-sulfated disaccharides were released. The amount of unsaturated 4-sulfated disaccharides obtained by the action of chondroitinase AC was equal to 50% of the total disaccharides obtained by the action of chondroitinase ABC. Since chondroitinase AC acts on ß(1 ®4) linkages between hexosamine and D-glucuronic acid, these data indicated the presence of L-iduronic acid residues in the molecule, permitting us to classify it as a DS. The differences in electrophoretic migration on agarose gel between CS and DS were due to their differences in L-iduronic acid and D-glucuronic acid proportions.
Fraction proteoglycan Oc-6M was incubated with chondroitinase ABC to analyze the core protein. There were at least three different sized core proteins with molecular weights of 56, 46 and 36 kDa detected by Coomassie blue (Figure 6A) and by immunoblotting using anti-decorin antibodies (Figure 6B).
N-terminal amino acid sequencing of proteoglycan Oc-6M showed a single sequence (Figure 7). Although it was not possible to identify residues at positions 17 and 19, this was confirmed to be decorin because of its homology with core proteins of mouse decorin and by homology with decorin core protein of other species.
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We examined the glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan composition of Walker 256 rat mammary carcinoma. Besides HA, there were large amounts of sulfated glycosaminoglycan. About 90% of total sulfated glycosaminoglycan corresponded to CS/DS chains, and the remaining ones to HS. The presence of HA in Walker 256 rat mammary carcinoma has been previously described by Fiszer-Szafars and Giullino (12). In other tumors, the presence of HA has been correlated with invasive and metastatic behavior since an extracellular matrix rich in HA becomes more hydrated and can support adhesion and locomotion of tumoral cells (18).
Our analysis of Walker 256 rat carcinoma proteoglycans indicated the production of different proteoglycans bearing CS and/or DS chains. We identified and characterized the small leucine-rich proteoglycan, decorin, as one of the proteoglycans present in Walker 256 carcinoma. Decorin was characterized as a DS proteoglycan with three core proteins (36, 46 and 56 kDa). The different mRNA and/or core protein sizes generated by alternative splicing have been described for several proteoglycans, suggesting that this phenomenon amounts to a functional difference for the resulting proteoglycans: aggrecan (25,26), versican/PG-M (27-29), agrin (30), perlecan (31), and phosphacan (32). As far as we know, there is no such report related to decorin. When the decorin gene was analyzed, two leader exons were observed, which could be alternatively spliced. However, this did not affect the ultimate protein sequence since they were in an untranslated region (33). Thus, different core proteins found in decorin from Walker 256 carcinoma might be generated by in vivo proteolysis or during the isolation and purification process. It is well known that tumors produce many proteinases responsible for the degradation of matrix components, thereby facilitating tumor invasion (34).
Decorin has been described as an anti-tumoral molecule because of its ability to modulate cell growth and of its effects on several key elements including matrix assembly, growth factor binding, and receptor tyrosine kinase activity (6). Decorin may interact with TGF-ß and with p21, both of which are relevant to carcinogenesis and tumor progression (35). Decorin binds to TGF-ß and blocks TGF-ß-dependent growth stimulation or cell inhibition, suggesting that its mechanism of action is the neutralization of TGF-ß activity (36). Decorin may directly induce growth suppression by up-regulating p21, a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (37). Decorin binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor, leading to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal (38), with consequent mobilization of intracellular calcium (39), and an increase in endogenous p21 (32) resulting in ultimate growth suppression (7,8). Decorin mRNA and protein levels are markedly increased in the peritumoral stroma of human colon cancers (10,40). This may represent a natural biological response by the host connective tissue cells to the invading neoplastic cells. Decorin is one of the proteoglycans found in Walker 256 rat mammary carcinoma, but there are other proteoglycans containing sulfated glycosaminoglycan (CS and HS), which corresponds to about 50% of total sulfated glycosaminoglycan.
Further studies are necessary to characterize the other proteoglycans, which may also play an important role in tumor growth and progression, as demonstrated for decorin.
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Address for correspondence: S.M. Oba-Shinjo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4º andar, Sala 4110, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Fax: +55-11-3061-4036. E-mail: suelimoba@lim15.fm.usp.br
Presented at SIMEC 2002 (International Symposium on Extracellular Matrix), Angra dos Reis, RJ, Brazil, October 7-10, 2002. Research supported by FAPESP and CNPq. Received December 2, 2002. Accepted March 11, 2003.
