Many researches have show that sports play a significant role in increasing the social adaptability of mentally challenged children. Because people’s social adaptability is impacted by multiple factors and its mechanism of action is very complicated, based on the genetic neural network, this study used the genetic algorithm to improve the method and study the impact of sports on the basic athletic ability, language ability, social skills and working ability of mentally challenged children. We conclude that it bears important significance to study the impact of sports on the social adaptability of mentally challenged children.