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Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine Free Full Text
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Original Experimental Research
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine: Volume 6   April, 2008   Number 4

DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080409
Effects of Yanghe Decoction on vascular endothelial growth factor in cartilage cells of osteoarthritis rabbits
1. Zhao-wei CHEN (Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China )
2. Yong-qiang CHEN (Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China E-mail: chenyongqiang@medmail.com.cn)

Objective: To observe the effects of Yanghe Decoction on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cartilage cells of osteoarthritis rabbits.

Methods: Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into normal group, untreated group and Yanghe Decoction-treated group. The rabbit model of osteoarthritis was established according to Hulth's method. The rabbits were sacrificed at the 8th week after administration of Yanghe Decoction for 14 days, and then rabbit tibia articular cartilage was removed. Sections of the cartilage were stained with Safranin O for histological examination. The cartilage histological characteristics were observed according to the method of Mankin. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to investigate the expression of VEGF. Articular cartilages were observed with microscopy and image analysis method was used to measure the expression intensity of VEGF.

Results: There were significant differences in Mankin score between normal group and untreated group (P<0.01), and between untreated group and Yanghe Decoction-treated group (P<0.01). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the expression intensity of VEGF in untreated group was significantly increased as compared with that in normal group (P<0.01), and also obviously higher than Yanghe Decotion-treated group.

Conclusion: VEGF plays an important role during early stage of OA. Yanghe Decoction can protect the articular cartilage through suppressing the VEGF expression in chondrocytes and then suppress angiogenesis.

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Chen ZW, Chen YQ. J Chin Integr Med/Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2008; 6(4): 372-375. Received July 2, 2007; published online April 15, 2008. Free full text (PDF) is available at www.jcimjournal.com. Indexed/abstracted in and full text link-out at PubMed. Forward linking and reference linking via CrossRef. DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080409

Correspondence: Yong-qiang CHEN, MD, Professor. Tel: 021-56639828-2603; E-mail: chenyongqiang@medmail.com.cn

基金项目: 上海市重点学科建设资助项目(No. T0303

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        骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis, OA)的临床表现以关节疼痛、僵硬和功能障碍为主要症状。其基本病理变化为关节软骨和软骨下骨损伤、骨质增生及关节内组织的炎性病变。对于骨性关节炎病因现在尚未明确。目前国内外研究已证实骨性关节炎和血管发生的关系密切,骨性关节炎受累滑膜和软骨中已发现多种血管生成介质1,其中血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)是新生血管形成的重要调节因子。阳和汤在临床使用中疗效较好,本文旨在探讨阳和汤对兔膝骨关节炎软骨细胞中VEGF的影响及其作用机制,为临床应用提供部分实验依据。

 
   

 1   材料和方法
1.1   动物及试剂
   6月龄新西兰大白兔15只,雌雄兼用,体质量(2.3±0.4kg,由上海中医药大学实验动物中心提供,动物合格证号为SCXK(沪)2004-0004,清洁级。随机分为正常组、模型组、阳和汤组,每组5只。阳和汤功用温阳补血,散寒通滞,出自清代王洪绪《外科证治全生集》。药物组成:熟地黄30 g、肉桂3 g、麻黄2 g、鹿角胶9 g、白芥子6 g、姜炭2 g、生甘草3 g,由上海市中医医院制剂科提供。VEGF第一抗体购于美国Santa Cruz公司。
1.2   OA模型建立   模型组与阳和汤组按照Hulth2报道的方法建立膝骨关节炎模型:3%戊巴比妥钠(30 mg/kg)耳缘静脉麻醉,麻醉满意后,手术切开兔左膝关节,剪断内侧副韧带和前后交叉韧带,完整切除内侧半月板,术中注意保护关节软骨面不受损伤;彻底止血,逐层缝合关节囊、皮下和皮肤等组织,不予固定。正常组不予任何手术处理。
1.3   给药方式及剂量   从术后第5周起至第7周末结束。阳和汤组:阳和汤方水煎浓缩后与兔饲料混合均匀,制成定量颗粒饲料,予40 g/d[相当于生药6 g/kg·d),按体表面积折算]。正常组和模型组予40 g/d普通饲料。全部动物于第8周处死、取材。
1.4   标本采集   于左胫骨平台取关节软骨,置于4%多聚甲醛固定,100 /L乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA)脱钙5周,每周换液一次。脱钙达到终点后,磷酸盐缓冲液充分冲洗,常规石蜡包埋。采用番红O染色进行Mankin评分3
1.5   免疫组织化学实验   常规7 μm石蜡切片,贴在涂有切片黏合剂的干净载玻片上,58 ℃烘烤18 h,常规二甲苯脱蜡至水。0.1 mol/L pH 7.4 PBS3 min×3次,抗原修复95 ℃ 20 min,自然冷却,PBS3 min×3次。按150稀释VEGF一抗,4 ℃过夜,PBS3 min×3次,0.3% H2O2抑制内源性过氧化物酶,Envision 37 ℃ 30 minPBS3 min×3次;0.05% DAB+0.03% H2O2显色8~12 min,流水冲洗终止反应;苏木素衬染30 s,水洗,蓝化(37 ℃),0.5%盐酸乙醇分化,水洗蓝化。常规树脂封片。观察反应:阳性产物为棕黄色或呈棕褐色,背景为紫蓝色。
1.6   图像分析   每个标本取5张切片,每张切片OLYMPUS BH2显微镜下放大100倍,随机取5个视野,采用IMS细胞图像分析系统,医学图像分析软件,阳性强度用阳性指数表示。
1.7   统计学分析   应用SPSS 12.0软件处理,定量数据用`x±s 表示,各组间比较用单因素方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

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2     
2.1   关节软骨病理切片   标本采用番红O染色,按Mankin评分方法进行评定3。(Mankin骨关节炎的评分法:15分为早期,69分为中期,1014分为晚期)。正常对照组番红O染色示软骨层次清楚,细胞排列整齐,番红O染色均匀,软骨细胞少,分布均匀。模型组软骨面糜烂、剥脱,软骨变薄,基质染色不均,嗜染度下降甚至失染,纤维组织大量增生,软骨细胞减少,排列不均,出现成簇现象,模型组Mankin评分(6.25±0.23)与正常对照组(1.25±0.21)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。阳和汤组钙化层和浅层着色略淡,番红O染色减少或缺失程度较模型组轻,Mankin评分阳和汤组(3.22±0.13)与模型组(6.25±0.23)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见图1
2.2   免疫组化染色   模型组软骨表面广泛碎裂、剥脱,可见软骨细胞簇集,在簇集的软骨细胞的胞浆和细胞核内VEGF染色呈黄褐色。阳和汤组软骨表面可见小的碎裂,软骨细胞呈散在排列。软骨细胞中VEGF染色呈淡黄色。各组关节软骨切片VEGF染色强度分析:模型组VEGF染色强度的阳性指数(1.49±0.14)明显高于正常组(0.83±0.04),其差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);阳和汤组VEGF染色强度的阳性指数(1.05±0.06)明显低于模型组(1.49±0.14),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图2
 

   

1   关节软骨病理切片(番红O染色,×100

Figue 1   Histological examination of cartilage (Safranin O staining, ×100)
A: Normal group; B: Untreated group; C: Yanghe Decoction-treated group.
     
    

2   关节软骨中VEGF表达(免疫组化染色,×400    

Figue 2   Expression of VEGF in the cartilage (Immunohistochemical staining, ×400)

A: Normal group; B: Untreated group; C: Yanghe Decoction-treated group.

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3     
      OA属祖国医学痹证骨痹等范畴,因肝肾亏虚,经络痹阻,筋脉失养所致。根据流行病学调查,5564岁的人群中患病率高达404。我国正在进入老龄化社会,老年OA的发病率也呈逐年上升的趋势,是老年人关节疼痛和致残的主要原因5OA是以关节软骨退变为主要病理特征的临床综合征,解决本病,不是使用更新的手术或人工关节,而是早期诊断,并使用药物来改善软骨细胞的功能。

      Bonnet6报道关节软骨的血管化及骨赘的形成是OA病理的显著特征。在成人中正常的关节软骨是没有血管分布的,血管侵入软骨可导致软骨细胞凋亡。血管可通过软骨下骨的纤维组织管道渗透钙化到关节软骨,如果抑制血管侵入骨骺有利于延迟软骨细胞死亡,这在软骨细胞生长、发育、修复机制、调节其成熟和凋亡中有重要作用。血管的生长受到多种因素的影响,有多种促血管生长的因子和抑制血管生长的因子参与,其中VEGF是血管生成的主要调节因子。VEGF的主要靶细胞是血管内皮细胞,它是血管内皮细胞特异性有丝分裂原。VEGF通过其受体特异性作用于血管内皮细胞,可以促进血管内皮的增生,从而促进新生血管的形成7;另外它还能明显提高血管的通透性,促进炎症的形成和发展8。在OA病程进展中,血管生成与慢性炎症关系密切。慢性炎症的组织中含有大量的炎症细胞、新生血管和炎性介质,炎性介质直接或间接地促进血管生成,新生血管通过传送炎症细胞、供氧而有利于炎症的发展9。炎性因子产物是机体对缺氧、感染及肿瘤形成的反应。很多炎性介质如前列腺素E2、白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8、肿瘤坏死因子和一氧化氮等具有直接或间接的促血管生成活性10OA血管生成不仅可导致炎症,更重要的可能是使炎症持续,增加新生血管对大分子物质的渗透,形成水肿,炎症反应通过新生血管转运炎症因子得以维持1112

      本实验结果说明阳和汤有可能通过下调VEGFOA软骨细胞中的表达,达到抑制OA血管增生的作用,最终延缓关节软骨破坏。阳和汤温阳补血,散寒通滞,可能是通过加速局部的血液循环及微循环,加快病理性产物的吸收和排泄,还有增加关节的温煦和濡养,促进关节软骨的修复,从而改善关节功能。然而,OA血管生成的过程存在着一个复杂的调控网络,不单是一种调控因子或机制参与其中,而是多种相关基因相互影响的结果,各个信号途径之间存在相互联系及相互作用,阳和汤延缓OA关节软骨退变是否通过调节其他相关基因以及影响相关信号传导途径仍有待于进一步深入研究。

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References
1. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Shraga N, et al. The neuropilins: multifunctional semaphorin and VEGF receptors that modulate axon guidance and angiogenesis[J]. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2002, 12(1) : 13-19.
    
2. Hulth A, Lindberg L, Telhag H, et al. Experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits: preliminary report[J]. Acta Orthop Scand, 1970, 41: 522-530.
  
3. van der Sluijs JA, Geesink RG, van der Linden AJ, et al. The reliability of the Mankin score for osteoarthritis[J]. J Orthop Res, 1992, 10(1) : 58-61.
    
4. Shi F, Gu K, Lu W, et al. Study on the prevalence of arthritis and relevant factors in Shanghai[J]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 2003, 24(12) : 1136-1140. Chinese with abstract in English.
  
5. Zhao JS, Li XX. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis of osteoarthritis[J]. Jie Fang Jun Bao Jian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2005, 3(7) : 135-137. Chinese.
  
6. Bonnet CS, Walsh DA. Osteoarthritis, angiogenesis and inflammation[J]. Rheumatology, 2005, 44(1) : 7-16.
    
7. Maes C, Carmeliet P, Moermans K, et al. Impaired angiogenesis and endochondral bone formation in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188[J]. Mech Dev, 2002, 111(1-2) : 61-73.
    
8. Walsh DA. Angiogenesis and arthritis[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 1999, 38(2) : 103-112.
    
9. Ruegg C, Mariotti A. Vascular integrins: pleiotropic adhesion and signaling molecules in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis[J]. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2003, 60(6) : 1135-1157.
  
10. Park CC, Morel JC, Amin MA, et al. Evidence of IL-18 as a novel angiogenic mediator[J]. J Immunol, 2001, 167(3) : 1644-1653.
  
11. Smith JO, Oreffo RO, Clarke NM, et al. Changes in the antiangiogenic properties of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis[J]. J Orthop Sci, 2003, 8(6) : 849-857.
    
12. Pfander D, Swoboda B, Cramer T. The role of HIF-1alpha in maintaining cartilage homeostasis and during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2006, 8(1) : 104.
    
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