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Ex-Utero intrapartum procedure for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in a neonate: First case in Alexandria Youssef MA - J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg
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Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons
     Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons
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CASE REPORT
Year : 2007  |  Volume : 12  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 226-227
 

Ex-Utero intrapartum procedure for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in a neonate: First case in Alexandria


Specialist of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria Hospital for Sick Children, Health Insurance Authority, Alexandria, Egypt

Correspondence Address:
Mohammed Aly Youssef
Alexandria University, Alexandria
Egypt
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DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.40842

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   Abstract  

Introduction: Large fetal neck masses can present a major challenge for securing an airway at birth with associated risks of hypoxia, brain injury and death. Teratomas of the oropharynx are rare, presenting 3% of teratomas in childhood, and are treated by surgical excision. If respiratory distress accompanies the lesion, priority must be given to the securing of the airway. Case History: We present a case of an infant who was diagnosed antenatally as having a huge oropharyngeal teratoma. The anaesthetic, surgical and neonatology teams were ready to perform surgical excision depending on the placental circulation immediately after securing the airway. The tumour weighed 1591 g and was 20 x 22 x 12 cm. The patient was a male and weighed 715 g. Histopathology showed Grade II teratoma. Conclusion: Large fetal neck masses can present a major challenge for securing an airway at birth with associated risks of hypoxia, brain injury and death. A multidisciplinary team approach combined with an accurate prenatal diagnosis obtained through fetal ultrasound is the key to a successful outcome. Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) that is based on the placental blood during intubation, tracheostomy or surgical excision is the standard procedure.


Keywords: CHAO syndrome, Ex utero intrapartum treatment, oropharyngeal teratoma


How to cite this article:
Youssef MA. Ex-Utero intrapartum procedure for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in a neonate: First case in Alexandria. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2007;12:226-7

How to cite this URL:
Youssef MA. Ex-Utero intrapartum procedure for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in a neonate: First case in Alexandria. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg [serial online] 2007 [cited 2014 Feb 28];12:226-7. Available from: http://www.jiaps.com/text.asp?2007/12/4/226/40842



   Introduction   Top


Large fetal neck masses can present a major challenge for securing an airway at birth with associated risks of hypoxia, brain injury and death. [1]

The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure can be used to obtain a fetal airway while feto-maternal circulation is preserved to optimise the fetal outcome.

A multidisciplinary team approach, combined with an accurate prenatal diagnosis obtained through fetal ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging examination was the key to a successful outcome. The role of the pediatric surgeon is initially to secure the airways through tracheostomy if intubation is difficult followed by excision of the mass when the vital parameters of the infant are stabilized. [2]

The EXIT procedure is an extremely valuable tool in providing time to secure the airway in infants with large fetal neck masses and abnormalities of the upper airway that impede resuscitation. The fetus is partially delivered while maintaining the utero-placental-fetal circulation. The EXIT procedure provides up to 1 h of good uteroplacental support, and it is the procedure of choice to secure the airway in the fetus with a giant neck mass. [3]

We present our experience with EXIT procedure in a patient with a large oropharyngeal teratoma. The success of the procedure lies in multidisciplinary team approach and co-operation. [4]


   Case History   Top


In our study, we present a case of the subject is a male infant who was diagnosed antenatally at 28 weeks of gestation to be having a huge oropharyngeal teratoma.

The anaesthetic, surgical and neonatology teams were ready to perform the EXIT procedure [Figure - 1].

We started the EXIT procedure immediately after cesarean section depending on the placental circulation to secure an airway through intubation with the use of a standard end-tidal carbon dioxide probe to confirm the correct endotracheal intubation. Subsequently, the immediate excision of the mass was done.

The tumour weighed 1,591 g and was 20 x 22 x 12 cm [Figure - 2]. Histopathology showed Grade II teratoma.

The postoperative course was smooth and the baby was discharged after 7 days and followed up to the age of 3 months with no recurrence.


   Discussion   Top


The combination of intensive maternal-fetal monitoring, cesarean section with maximal uterine relaxation and maintenance of intact fetoplacental circulation provides a controlled environment for securing the airway in infants with prenatally diagnosed airway obstruction. [5]

The EXIT procedure was developed originally for management of airway obstruction after fetal surgery and indications have continued to expand for a variety of fetal anomalies. [6] Even in twin gestations, the EXIT procedure is the delivery method of choice for fetuses with giant neck masses. [7] The EXIT technique, performed for the first time in 1989 and now in many centers abroad, can be considered as a safe procedure as long as a multidisciplinary approach is carried out. [8]

The EXIT procedure was successfully used to ensure the uteroplacental gas exchange and fetal hemodynamic stability during a variety of surgical procedures performed to secure the fetal airway or to ensure the successful transition to postnatal environment. [9]


   Conclusion   Top


A multidisciplinary team approach combined with an accurate prenatal diagnosis obtained through fetal ultrasound is the key to a successful outcome. EXIT depending on placental blood during intubation, tracheostomy or surgical excision is the standard procedure.

 
   References   Top

1. Glynn F, Sheahan P, Hughes J, Russell J. Successful ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) owing to a large oropharyngeal teratoma. Ir Med J 2006;99:242-3.  Back to cited text no. 1  [PUBMED]  
2. Leva E, Pansini L, Fava G, Maestri L, Pansini A, Selvaggio G. The role of the surgeon in the case of a giant neck mass in the EXIT procedure. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:748-50.  Back to cited text no. 2  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
3. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Morgan MA, Kurth CD, Hubbard AM, et al. Intrapartum airway management for giant fetal neck masses: The EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:870-4.  Back to cited text no. 3  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
4. Marwan A, Crombleholme TM. The EXIT procedure: Principles, pitfalls and progress. Semin Pediatr Surg 2006;15:107-15.  Back to cited text no. 4  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
5. Mychaliska GB, Bealer JF, Graf JL, Rosen MA, Adzick NS, Harrison MR. Operating on placental support: The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:227-31.  Back to cited text no. 5  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
6. Hirose S, Farmer DL, Lee H, Nobuhara KK, Harrison MR. The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: Looking back at the EXIT. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:375-80.  Back to cited text no. 6  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
7. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Weiner S, Bernick B, Flake AW, Adzick NS. The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for a large fetal neck mass in a twin gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:824-5.  Back to cited text no. 7  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]
8. Midrio P, Grismondi G, Meneghini L, Suma V, Pitton MA, Salvadori S, et al . The EX-utero Intrapartum Technique (EXIT) procedure in Italy. Minerva Ginecol 2001;53:209-14.  Back to cited text no. 8  [PUBMED]  
9. Bouchard S, Johnson MP, Flake AW, Howell LJ, Myers LB, Adzick NS, et al. The EXIT procedure: Experience and outcome in 31 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:418-26.  Back to cited text no. 9  [PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]


    Figures

  [Figure - 1], [Figure - 2]



 

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    Abstract
    Introduction
    Case History
    Discussion
    Conclusion
    References
    Article Figures

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